In this video, we're going to begin our lesson on antibodies. Antibodies are defined as Y-shaped proteins that are actually produced by plasma cells, and they have the ability to bind very specifically to antigens and generate an immune response. Antibodies are also sometimes called immunoglobulins and abbreviated as IG. Although there are five different classes of antibodies that we'll talk more about moving forward in our course, typically antibodies have the same general structure. In our next lesson video, we're going to talk more details about the structure of the antibody. I'll see you all in that video.
Antibodies - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
Antibodies
Video transcript
Antibody Structure
Video transcript
So, from our last lesson video, we already know that antibodies are Y-shaped proteins. But in this video, we're going to talk more details about antibody structure. Antibodies actually consist of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 of which are identical light chains or L chains for short, and the other 2 are identical heavy chains or H chains for short. The light chains are actually much lighter than the heavy chains, which are much much heavier and larger. These 4 chains are covalently linked together via disulfide bonds. If we take a look down below at our image, notice we have our Y-shaped antibody. It has this light chain that is identical to this light chain over here and then it has this heavy chain, right here that is identical to this heavy chain. The heavier chains, highlighted in green, are much larger and therefore much heavier than the lighter chains, which are much smaller and lighter in mass. Also notice that these four chains are covalently linked together via these disulfide bonds that exist between the R groups of cysteine residues.
What's also important to note is that each of these light and heavy chains has a variable region also known as a V domain, as well as a constant region also known as a C domain. The variable region or the V domain is going to be located at the tip of each of the prongs of the Y and it contains the N-terminal end of each of the polypeptide chains. If we take a look down below at our image, notice that the V or variable domain is highlighted with a green background right here at the tips of the prongs of the Y. It also contains the N-terminal end or the free amino groups of each of the 4 polypeptide chains just like what we said above. The V domain contains the antigen binding site. This is where the antibody is going to bind to the antigen at these two potential positions indicated by the arrows. The reason it's called the V or variable domain is because this region will actually vary between different antibodies. The C domain, on the other hand, being the constant domain, is not going to vary. It's going to remain constant even between different antibodies. The C domain is, of course, going to be the rest of the antibody, located at the hinge and the stem of the Y. So if we look down below, the C domain is going to be the rest of the antibody here. The C domain is important because it's actually recognized by immune system cells. Essentially, what happens is the V domain will bind to the antigen at these positions and then an immune system cell can bind to the C domain. The antibody can act as an intermediate between the immune system cell and the antigen.
What you'll notice in our image here, we have the V domain, with the V's on them and whether or not they're light or heavy chains is indicated by the L and the H. Both the heavy chain and the light chain have a constant domain as well. What's important to note is that we can further break up the structure of this antibody. If we imagine breaking the antibody at the hinge of the Y. Here in a dotted red line, what we have is an imaginary line if we were to break our antibody right at the hinge. This would leave us with the top portion here, which we would refer to as the FAB region and this has the fragment that has the antigen binding sites. We have the antigen binding site in this region. We're also left with the bottom half of the antibody down below, which would be the FC region or the fragment that contains the constant region. This would be the FC region, this bracket right here. This is the structure of a typical antibody and we'll be able to get some practice applying the concepts that we've learned as we move forward in our course. So I'll see you guys in our next video.
_________ is another name for antibodies.
An antibody's variable region:
1. Varies in amino acid sequence to allow different antibodies to bind different antigens.
2. Is located in the hinge and stem regions of an antibody.
3. Is a portion of the light chain of an antibody.
4. Is a portion of the heavy chain of an antibody.
Antibody Diversity
Video transcript
In this video, we're going to talk about antibody diversity. And so, it turns out that our immune systems have the potential to produce an enormous amount of different antibodies, perhaps greater than \(10^{18}\) or 1 quintillion different antibodies. That's more antibodies than the estimated amount of individual grains of sand on our entire planet. That's a lot of antibodies that our immune system has the potential to produce. In fact, there are so many potential possibilities for antibodies that they all cannot be produced in one single lifetime. So, here we have a question and it's asking how in the world is it possible that antibody diversity can be so large if humans only have 25,000 genes, which is a much smaller number than 1 quintillion. And so the answer to this question is actually right here. And so antibody diversity actually results from a significant amount of gene rearrangements. Splicing, and mutations. And so, notice down below over here on the left-hand side, we have DNA being shown. This DNA is coding for an antibody. And you can see that the different regions of the DNA are color-coded to show you what part of the antibody they express. And so, notice that the original DNA up here has many different combinations for these different regions of the antibody. However, through splicing and rearrangements, we can get different smaller combinations combining different features and even mutations in the DNA can create lots and lots of diversity. And so, through the transcription of the DNA into RNA, you can see that even the mutation will carry over here. And then through translation, what we get is the antibody being produced and even a single slight mutation like this one right here can result in a different antibody being produced. And so we get a diverse antibody just through all of these gene rearrangements, splicing, and mutations. And so this concludes our introduction to antibody diversity, and in our next video, we'll be able to talk about monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, so I'll see you guys there.
Genetic recombination frequently occurs in the body’s B cell population. Why is this advantageous to the
immune system?
More genetic diversity in antibody genes creates more diversity in antibodies.
Having the ability to produce more diverse antibodies allows B cells to respond to a larger number of pathogens.
More genetic diversity allows CD8 effector cells to be able to recognize and kill more endogenous pathogens.
A and B.
B and C.
All of the above.
Do you want more practice?
Your Microbiology tutor
- DRAW ITa. In the following graph, at time A the host was injected with tetanus toxoid. Show the response to a ...
- How would each of the following prevent infection?a. antibodies against Neisseria gonorrhoeae fimbriaeb. antib...
- Explain why a person who recovers from a disease can attend others with the disease without fear of contractin...
- Match the following choices to questions 1–4:a. innate resistanceb. naturally acquired active immunityc. natur...
- How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
- DRAW IT Label the heavy chains, light chains, and variable and Fc regions of this typical antibody. Indicate w...
- Use the following choices to answer questions 7–9.a. direct fluorescent antibodyb. indirect fluorescent antibo...
- Which antibodies will be found naturally in the serum of a person with blood type A, Rh⁺?a. anti A, anti B, an...
- In which of the following scenarios would administering immunoglobulins be useful? Select all that apply. (NCL...
- T helper cells activate B cells to become ________________, which make ________________.
- Label the indicated parts of the antibody.<IMAGE>
- Which of the following is (are) true regarding type III hypersensitivity reactions? Select all that apply. (NC...
- Which of the following would be recommended as a means to diagnose a type I sensitivity? Select all that apply...
- Place the following steps in order for a neutralization test:a. Incubate cell culture for a few days.b. Add su...
- Antibodies function to __________ .a. directly destroy foreign organ graftsb. mark invading organisms for dest...
- Label the parts of the immunoglobulin pictured here. ...
- Monoclonal antibodies __________.a. are produced by hybridomasb. are secreted by clone cellsc. can be used for...