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19. Chemical Thermodynamics
Gibbs Free Energy

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

Gibbs Free Energy

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Multiple Choice

You calculate the value of ΔG for a chemical reaction and get a positive value. Which would be the most accurate way to interpret this result?

a) If a mixture of reactants and products is created and left to equilibrate, the equilibrium mixture will contain more reactant than product.

b) If a mixture of reactants and products is created, we cannot say anything about its composition at equilibrium but we can say it will reach equilibrium very rapidly.

c) The reaction will not occur under any circumstances.

d) If a mixture of reactants and products is created and left to equilibrate, the equilibrium mixture will contain more product than reactant.

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Textbook Question
Nitrogen reacts with fluorine to form nitrogen trifluoride: Calculate ∆G°, and determine whether the equilibrium composition should favor reactions or products at 25 °C (a) ∆G° = -6.7 kJ; the equilibrium composition should favor products. (b) ∆G° = -332 kJ; the equilibrium composition should favor reactants (c) ∆G° = -166 kJ; the equilibrium composition should favor products (d) ∆G° = +82.6 kJ; the equilbirum composiiton should favor reactants.
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Textbook Question
Living organisms use energy from the metabolism of food to create an energy-rich molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ATP acts as an energy source for a variety of reactions that the living organism must carry out to survive. ATP provides energy through its hydrolysis, which can be symbolized as follows: ATP(aq) + H2O(l ) ¡ ADP(aq) + Pi(aq) ΔGrxn ° = -30.5 kJ where ADP represents adenosine diphosphate and Pi represents an inorganic phosphate group (such as HPO42 - ). b. The free energy obtained from the oxidation (reaction with oxygen) of glucose (C6H12O6) to form carbon dioxide and water can be used to re-form ATP by driving the given reaction in reverse. Calculate the standard free energy change for the oxidation of glucose and estimate the maximum number of moles of ATP that can be formed by the oxidation of one mole of glucose.
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Textbook Question
Living organisms use energy from the metabolism of food to create an energy-rich molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The ATP acts as an energy source for a variety of reactions that the living organism must carry out to survive. ATP provides energy through its hydrolysis, which can be symbolized as follows: ATP(aq) + H2O(l ) ¡ ADP(aq) + Pi(aq) ΔGrxn ° = -30.5 kJ where ADP represents adenosine diphosphate and Pi represents an inorganic phosphate group (such as HPO42 - ). a. Calculate the equilibrium constant, K, for the given reaction at 298 K.
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Textbook Question
The conversion of natural gas, which is mostly methane, into products that contain two or more carbon atoms, such as ethane 1C2H62, is a very important industrial chemical process. In principle, methane can be converted into ethane and hydrogen: 2 CH41g2¡C2H61g2 + H21g2 In practice, this reaction is carried out in the presence of oxygen: 2 CH41g2 + 12O21g2¡C2H61g2 + H2O1g2 (b) Is the difference in ΔG° for the two reactions due primarily to the enthalpy term 1ΔH2or the entropy term (-TΔS)?
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Textbook Question
The conversion of natural gas, which is mostly methane, into products that contain two or more carbon atoms, such as ethane 1C2H62, is a very important industrial chemical process. In principle, methane can be converted into ethane and hydrogen: 2 CH41g2¡C2H61g2 + H21g2 In practice, this reaction is carried out in the presence of oxygen: 2 CH41g2 + 12O21g2¡C2H61g2 + H2O1g2 (c) Explain how the preceding reactions are an example of driving a nonspontaneous reaction, as discussed in the 'Chemistry and Life' box in Section 19.7.
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Textbook Question
The potassium-ion concentration in blood plasma is about 5.0 * 10-3 M, whereas the concentration in muscle-cell fluid is much greater (0.15 M ). The plasma and intracellular fluid are separated by the cell membrane, which we assume is permeable only to K+. (a) What is ΔG for the transfer of 1 mol of K+ from blood plasma to the cellular fluid at body temperature 37 °C? (b) What is the minimum amount of work that must be used to transfer this K+?
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Textbook Question
Carbon disulfide 1CS22 is a toxic, highly flammable substance. The following thermodynamic data are available for CS21l2 and CS21g2 at 298 K: (e) Use the data in the table to calculate ΔS° at 298 K for the vaporization of CS21l2. Is the sign of ΔS° as you would expect for a vaporization?
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Textbook Question
Cytochrome, a complicated molecule that we will represent as CyFe2+, reacts with the air we breathe to supply energy required to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The body uses ATP as an energy source to drive other reactions (Section 19.7). At pH 7.0 the following reduction potentials pertain to this oxidation of CyFe2+: O21g2 + 4 H+1aq2 + 4 e- ¡ 2 H2O1l2 Ered ° = +0.82 V CyFe3+1aq2 + e- ¡ CyFe2+1aq2 E°red = +0.22 V (a) What is ∆G for the oxidation of CyFe2+ by air? (b) If the synthesis of 1.00 mol of ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) requires a ∆G of 37.7 kJ, how many moles of ATP are synthesized per mole of O2?
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