4. Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

4. Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

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3 Size Classes of Carbohydrates

Formation & Breakdown of Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate Functions

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00:25

Animation: Synthesis of Sucrose

Animation: Starch, Cellulose, and Glycogen Structures

Animation: Monosaccharides

Animation: Carbohydrates

Biomolecules: The Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates | Biological Molecules Simplified #1

#1 A Level Biology - Biological Molecules

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following chemical formulas represents that of a simple carbohydrate?

a) C₂H₂O₂.

b) C₆H₁₂O₆.

c) C₅H₄O₃.

d) C₃H₆O₉.

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Multiple Choice

Monosaccharides are linked together via a ______________ reaction, forming a _____________bond.

a) Hydrolysis ; Glycosidic.

b) Dehydration synthesis ; Hydrogen.

c) Hydrolysis ; Peptide.

d) Dehydration synthesis ; Glycosidic.

e) Hydrolysis ; Hydrogen.

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following chemical reactions results in energy release when glycosidic bonds are broken?

a) Condensation reaction.

b) Dehydration synthesis reaction.

c) Hydrolysis reaction.

d) Hydrogen bonding.

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Multiple Choice

Animal cells store energy in the form of _________, and plant cells store energy in the form of ___________.

a) Sucrose ; glucose.

b) Disaccharides ; monosaccharides.

c) Starch ; glycogen.

d) Cellulose ; chitin.

e) Glycogen ; starch.

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Multiple Choice

Which polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of lobsters and insects?

a) Chitin.

b) Cellulose.

c) Starch.

d) Glycogen.

e) Polypeptides.

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Multiple Choice

Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?

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Multiple Choice

In what polysaccharide form do plants store glucose to be available later as an energy source?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following molecules is a monosaccharide?

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Multiple Choice

At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.

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Multiple Choice

Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.

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Multiple Choice

The polysaccharide that you are most likely to have eaten recently is __________.

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Multiple Choice

One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.

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Multiple Choice

A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.

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Multiple Choice

Carbohydrates can function in which of the following ways?

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Multiple Choice

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. Why can the same enzyme not break down cellulose?

The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.

Which of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract and be digested the least?

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Textbook Question

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list? a. disaccharide b. polysaccharide c. starch d. carbohydrate

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Textbook Question

What are three ways monosaccharides differ from one another?

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Textbook Question

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? a. glycogen, starch, and amylopectin b. glycogen and cellulose c. cellulose and chitin d. starch, chitin, and cellulose

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Textbook Question

A glucose molecule is to starch as (Explain your answer.) a. a steroid is to a lipid. b. a protein is to an amino acid. c. a nucleic acid is to a polypeptide. d. a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid.

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Textbook Question

What type of bond is formed between two sugars in a disaccharide? a. glycosidic linkage b. phosphodiester bond c. peptide bond d. hydrogen bond

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Textbook Question

What holds cellulose molecules together in bundles large enough to form fibers? a. the cell wall b. peptide bonds c. hydrogen bonds d. hydrophobic interactions

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Textbook Question

Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because a. they produce enzymes that recognize the shape of the glucose-glucose bonds and hydrolyze them. b. they re-chew their cud to break down cellulose fibers. c. their digestive tract contains microorganisms that can hydrolyze the bonds of cellulose. d. they convert cellulose to starch and can digest starch.

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Textbook Question

What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in cells? a. cell identity, energy storage, raw material source for synthesis, and structure b. catalysis, energy storage, metabolism, and structure c. catalysis, digestion, energy storage, and information storage d. energy storage, information storage, polymerization, and raw material source for synthesis

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Textbook Question

Which of the differences listed here could be found among molecules of the same monosaccharide? Select True or False for each statement. T/F There is a difference in the orientation of a hydroxyl group in the ring form. T/F There is a difference in the number of carbons. T/F There is a difference in the position of the carbonyl group in the linear form. T/F There is a difference in the overall shape of the molecule—one is a ring and the other is linear.

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Textbook Question

VISUAL SKILLS Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules: a. structural isomers b. cis-trans isomers c. enantiomers d. isotopes

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Textbook Question

Although cellulose and starch are identical in terms of stored chemical energy, our ability to harvest the energy from these two polysaccharides differs considerably. What is responsible for this difference?

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Textbook Question

Contrast the structure of glycogen and chitin in terms of their monosaccharides, glycosidic linkages, and interactions between polysaccharide chains.

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Textbook Question

Lysozyme, an enzyme found in human saliva, tears, and other secretions, catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ββ-1,4-glycosidic linkages in peptidoglycan. Predict the effect of this enzyme on bacteria and how it may be involved in human health.

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Textbook Question

Galactosemia is a potentially fatal disease that occurs in humans who lack the enzyme that converts galactose to glucose. If you were a physician treating a person with this disease, which of the following would you have them exclude from their diet? a. maltose b. starch c. mannose d. lactose

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Textbook Question

If you hold a salty cracker in your mouth long enough, it will begin to taste sweet. What is responsible for this change in taste?

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Textbook Question

Sucrose is broken down in your intestine to the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, which are then absorbed into your blood. What is the name of this type of reaction? Using this diagram of sucrose, show how this would occur.

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4. Biomolecules

Carbohydrates

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