10. Cell Signaling

Signal Amplification

10. Cell Signaling

Signal Amplification

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Phosphorylation Cascades

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03:04

Animation: Signal Transduction Pathways

Calcium & IP3 Pathway

Amplification in Signal Transduction pathways

Adenylyl Cyclase - cAMP Pathway || Gs and Gi Protein Pathway

Cell signalling: kinases & phosphorylation

Phospho Biomedical Animation

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Receptors: Signal Transduction and Phosphorylation Cascade

03:15

Receptors: Signal Transduction and Phosphorylation Cascade

Professor Dave Explains

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Multiple Choice

Kinases and phosphatases are essential to the cell because they:

a) Are enzymes that synthesize proteins.

b) Are enzymes that degrade proteins.

c) Are enzymes that can turn proteins 'on' and/or 'off' through changes in phosphorylation.

d) Are enzymes that can turn proteins 'on' and/or 'off' through changes in proton concentrations.

e) None of the above.

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Multiple Choice

What role do phosphatases play in signal transduction pathways?

a) They phosphorylate proteins involved in signal transduction or cellular response.

b) They activate protein kinases by phosphorylation.

c) They amplify the signal molecule.

d) They regulate the function of proteins involved in signal transduction pathways or cellular response.

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Multiple Choice

Phosphorylation cascades are useful signal transduction pathways because they ________.

a) Allow proteins to be easily activated by adding or removing a phosphate group.

b) Allow proteins to be easily deactivated by adding or removing a phosphate group.

c) Amplify the original signal many times.

d) All of the above.

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Multiple Choice

In liver cells, epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen. As the signal-transduction pathway progresses, __________.

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Multiple Choice

The molecule cAMP usually directly activates __________.

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Multiple Choice

A mutation in the active site of adenylyl cyclase that inactivates it would most likely lead to __________.

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Multiple Choice

The source of phosphate for a phosphorylation cascade is __________.

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Multiple Choice

The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is __________.

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Multiple Choice

ATPgammaS is a form of ATP that cannot be hydrolyzed by enzymes. If this compound were introduced to cells so that it replaced the normal ATP present in the cell, which of the following would you predict?

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Multiple Choice

Phosphorylation __________.

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Multiple Choice

Second messengers tend to be water-soluble and small. This accounts for their ability to __________.

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Multiple Choice

IP₃ (inositol trisphosphate) acts by __________.

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Multiple Choice

IP₃ (inositol trisphosphate) is produced as a result of __________.

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Multiple Choice

During the transduction of a signal, one molecule or ion may be closely associated with the activity of another. Which of the following pairs correctly combines two associated molecules?

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Multiple Choice

In eukaryotic cells, which of the following is a second messenger that is produced as a response to an external signal such as a hormone?

A difference between the mechanisms of cAMP and Ca²⁺ in signal transduction is that cAMP __________ and Ca²⁺ __________.

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Multiple Choice

In the inherited disorder Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, __________.

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Textbook Question

The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is characterized by a. dimerization and phosphorylation. b. dimerization and IP3 binding. c. a phosphorylation cascade. d. GTP hydrolysis.

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Textbook Question

Consider this pathway: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP. Identify the second messenger. a. cAMP b. G protein c. GTP d. adenylyl cyclase

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Textbook Question

Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells? a. Enzymatic activity was proportional to the amount of calcium added to a cell-free extract. b. Receptor studies indicated that epinephrine was a ligand. c. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine was administered to intact cells. d. Glycogen breakdown was observed only when epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase were mixed.

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Textbook Question

Protein phosphorylation is commonly involved with all of the following except a. activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. b. activation of protein kinase molecules. c. activation of G protein-coupled receptors. d. regulation of transcription by signaling molecules.

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Textbook Question

Suppose you were to model amplification by the phosphorylation cascade in Figure 11.16, using a penny for each kinase 1, a nickel for each kinase 2, and a dime for each kinase 3. Also suppose that Ras and each of the kinases can activate 10 proteins. How much money would you need to construct your model?

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Textbook Question

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Textbook Question

What is the significance of the observation that many signal transduction pathways create a network, where they intersect or overlap?

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Textbook Question

Steroid hormones, like most lipid-soluble signaling molecules, are processed directly. How does the absence of a signal transduction cascade in the processing of steroid hormones affect the cellular response that is possible?

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Textbook Question

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Textbook Question

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Textbook Question

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10. Cell Signaling

Signal Amplification

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