Differentiate the following terms. Which one is “hit and miss”—that is, does not add a specific gene to a cell?
a. protoplast fusion
b. gene gun
c. microinjection
d. electroporation

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the context of each method: All these methods are used for introducing genetic material into cells, but they differ in precision and mechanism.
2. Protoplast fusion involves the fusion of two protoplasts (cells without cell walls) to combine their genetic material, which is less precise as it mixes entire genomes.
3. A gene gun shoots microscopic particles coated with DNA into cells, which can be random and less precise, making it a 'hit and miss' method.
4. Microinjection involves directly injecting DNA into a cell using a fine needle, offering high precision in gene delivery.
5. Electroporation uses an electrical field to increase cell membrane permeability, allowing DNA to enter, which can be more controlled than a gene gun.

Key Concepts

Protoplast Fusion

Protoplast fusion is a technique used in plant biotechnology where the cell walls of two different plant cells are removed, allowing their membranes to fuse. This process can lead to the mixing of genetic material, but it does not guarantee the introduction of a specific gene into the resulting hybrid cell. It is often considered a 'hit and miss' method because the outcome can be unpredictable.

Gene Gun

A gene gun, or biolistic particle delivery system, is a method used to introduce DNA into cells by coating microscopic gold or tungsten particles with the desired genetic material and then shooting them into the target cells. This method is more precise than protoplast fusion, as it can deliver specific genes directly into the cells, ensuring a higher success rate for gene transfer.

Microinjection

Microinjection is a technique where a fine glass needle is used to directly inject DNA or RNA into a cell. This method allows for the precise introduction of specific genes into the target cell, making it a reliable method for genetic modification. Unlike protoplast fusion, microinjection is not 'hit and miss' as it aims to deliver a specific genetic material directly into the nucleus.