4. Biomolecules

Which of the following categories includes all others in the list?

a. Disaccharide

b. Polysaccharide

c. Starch

d. Carbohydrate

What are three ways monosaccharides differ from one another?

The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down?

a. glycogen, starch, and amylopectin

b. glycogen and cellulose

c. cellulose and chitin

d. starch, chitin, and cellulose

A glucose molecule is to starch as (Explain your answer.)

a. A steroid is to a lipid

b. A protein is to an amino acid

c. A nucleic acid is to a polypeptide

d. A nucleotide is to a nucleic acid

What holds cellulose molecules together in bundles large enough to form fibers?

a. The cell wall

b. Peptide bonds

c. Hydrogen bonds

d. Hydrophobic interactions

Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because

a. They produce enzymes that recognize the shape of the glucose-glucose bonds and hydrolyze them.

b. They re-chew their cud to break down cellulose fibers.

c. Their digestive tract contains microorganisms that can hydrolyze the bonds of cellulose.

d. They convert cellulose to starch and can digest starch.

What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in cells?

a. Cell identity, energy storage, raw material source for synthesis, and structure

b. Catalysis, energy storage, metabolism, and structure

c. Catalysis, digestion, energy storage, and information storage

d. Energy storage, information storage, polymerization, and raw material source for synthesis

Which of the differences listed here could be found among molecules of the same monosaccharide? Select True or False for each statement.

T/F There is a difference in the orientation of a hydroxyl group in the ring form.

T/F There is a difference in the number of carbons.

T/F There is a difference in the position of the carbonyl group in the linear form.

T/F There is a difference in the overall shape of the molecule—one is a ring and the other is linear.

Choose the term that correctly describes the relationship between these two sugar molecules:

a. Structural isomers

b. Cis-trans isomers

c. Enantiomers

d. Isotopes

Although cellulose and starch are identical in terms of stored chemical energy, our ability to harvest the energy from these two polysaccharides differs considerably. What is responsible for this difference?

Contrast the structure of glycogen and chitin in terms of their monosaccharides, glycosidic linkages, and interactions between polysaccharide chains.