How does an antibody neutralize a virus?
a. By preventing the virus from binding to a receptor protein on a host cell
b. By preventing the virus from injecting its nucleic acid into its host cell
c. By degrading the capsid
d. By inserting holes into the viral envelope
e. By preventing the virus from replicating while inside the host

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the role of antibodies in the immune response: Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like viruses and bacteria.
2. Consider how antibodies interact with viruses: Antibodies can bind to specific proteins on the surface of a virus, which are often used by the virus to attach to host cells.
3. Analyze option a: If an antibody binds to a viral protein that is necessary for the virus to attach to a host cell receptor, it can prevent the virus from entering the cell.
4. Evaluate option b: Antibodies can block the virus from injecting its nucleic acid by preventing its attachment to the host cell, which is a prerequisite for injection.
5. Review the other options: Consider whether antibodies directly degrade viral components or insert holes into viral structures, and how these actions compare to the known mechanisms of antibody action.

Key Concepts

Antibody Function

Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and bind to specific antigens, such as viruses. This binding can neutralize the virus by blocking its ability to attach to host cells, thereby preventing infection. Antibodies can also mark pathogens for destruction by other immune cells.

Viral Entry Mechanism

Viruses typically enter host cells by binding to specific receptor proteins on the cell surface. Understanding this mechanism is crucial, as antibodies can neutralize viruses by preventing this binding, effectively stopping the virus from gaining entry and initiating infection.

Neutralization

Neutralization refers to the process by which antibodies inhibit the infectivity of a virus. This can occur through various mechanisms, including blocking receptor binding, preventing the release of viral genetic material, or interfering with the virus's ability to replicate within the host cell.