In addition to peptidoglycan, which molecule(s) unique to bacteria would PRRs recognize?

• A. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
• B. Fungal cell walls.
• C. Flagellin proteins.
• D. Tubulin proteins found in cilia.
• E. A and C.
• F. B and D.
• G. All of the answers would be recognized by PRRs.

Answer: (E)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the role of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs): PRRs are part of the innate immune system and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are unique to microorganisms.
2. Identify molecules unique to bacteria: Peptidoglycan is a well-known bacterial PAMP, but the question asks for additional molecules.
3. Consider Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): LPS is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and is recognized by PRRs, specifically TLR4.
4. Evaluate Flagellin proteins: Flagellin is a protein that makes up the bacterial flagella and is recognized by PRRs, specifically TLR5.
5. Analyze the other options: Fungal cell walls are not unique to bacteria, and tubulin proteins are found in eukaryotic cilia, not bacteria. Therefore, they are not recognized by PRRs as bacterial PAMPs.