Which of the following is not considered a MAMP (Microbe/Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern)?

• A. Carbohydrates on microbial surfaces.
• B. Peptidoglycan from gram + bacteria.
• C. Damaged host cell DNA.
• D. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of MAMPs: Microbe/Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) are molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.
2. Identify common examples of MAMPs: These include structures like lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan found in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria, and certain carbohydrates on microbial surfaces.
3. Analyze the options given: Carbohydrates on microbial surfaces, peptidoglycan from gram-positive bacteria, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are all typical MAMPs.
4. Consider the nature of damaged host cell DNA: Damaged host cell DNA is not a microbial structure but rather a host-derived molecule, which is not typically recognized as a MAMP.
5. Conclude which option is not a MAMP: Based on the analysis, damaged host cell DNA does not fit the definition of a MAMP, as it is not a microbial pattern but rather a host-derived signal.