The C3b complement protein is incredibly important for opsonization of pathogenic material. How do some pathogens avoid opsonization by interfering with C3b?

• A. Pathogen has outer layer that C3b cannot bind to.
• B. Pathogen inhibits the functions of C3 convertase.
• C. Pathogen stops the formation of C3b.
• D. All of the above.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the role of C3b in the immune system: C3b is a complement protein that plays a crucial role in opsonization, which is the process of marking pathogens for destruction by phagocytes.
2. Explore how pathogens can avoid opsonization: Some pathogens have developed mechanisms to evade the immune system, specifically by interfering with the function of C3b.
3. Examine the first mechanism: Some pathogens have an outer layer or capsule that prevents C3b from binding effectively, thereby avoiding opsonization.
4. Investigate the second mechanism: Pathogens may produce proteins or enzymes that inhibit the function of C3 convertase, an enzyme crucial for the activation of C3b.
5. Consider the third mechanism: Pathogens can also interfere with the formation of C3b itself, preventing its production and subsequent opsonization.