Which of the following best describes direct damage caused by a pathogen?

• A. Alteration of host metabolism through nutrient competition
• B. Destruction of host cells and tissues during infection
• C. Production of toxins that circulate and affect distant organs
• D. Stimulation of the host's immune response leading to inflammation

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of direct damage caused by a pathogen: it refers to the physical harm inflicted directly on host cells or tissues by the pathogen itself during infection.
2. Review each option and identify whether it involves direct interaction with host cells or an indirect effect:
3. Option 1 (Alteration of host metabolism through nutrient competition) involves indirect damage by depriving host cells of nutrients, not direct destruction.
4. Option 3 (Production of toxins that circulate and affect distant organs) describes indirect damage through toxins acting away from the infection site.
5. Option 4 (Stimulation of the host's immune response leading to inflammation) is an indirect effect caused by the host's immune system, not direct pathogen damage.