Carbene

in this video, I'm going to introduce a bunch of new edition reactions that all pretty much do the same thing. So I'm going to group them together in a type of reaction called cycle appropriation. So ah, cycle a proper nation reaction takes place when a double bond encounters either a car bean or a carb annoyed the product from this reaction is really just a cyclo propane. Okay, so we literally get the addition of an alcohol group on that double bond, and all you're really getting is a methylene group or a ch two. Okay, so you might be wondering, Johnny, why would a double bond want react with the metal group? I mean, I don't remember methyl groups being strong electro files. Well, that's exactly why we need a car bean or a carb. Annoyed because metals aren't reactive, But carbons are, if you recall, carbons are reactive intermediates, not because their formal charge. If you look this is an example of carbon right here. Doesn't have a formal charge. No, it has a formal charge of zero. So you might think this doesn't look reactive to me. But remember, it has a big problem. It violates the octet rule. Okay, So even though it doesn't have a formal charge, it wants to have eat octet electrons around it. And right now it only has six. It has that lone pair, those two bonds. It's missing two whole electrons. So carbons are going to be extremely reactive with pretty much everything, including double bonds, Which is why they're gonna work to make thes triangle shaped products. Okay, so what I'm gonna do is I'm just gonna go one by one down the list of all the free agents that can make a cycle appropriation.

let's start at the first one. The first example would just be the easiest example possible reacting a car bean directly with a double bond. Okay, this mechanism is gonna look just like our other three. Our other bridge ion mechanisms that made three ring intermediates. It's gonna be a double bond, grabbing the car bean and then the carbon grabbing back. This is going to show us that our product is cyclic. Now, whenever you add a ring toe, another ring, that ring has to be cysts. Because if it was Trans, you'd break the ring by having to straddle both sides of the original ring. So I'm just gonna go ahead and draw this as a cyst triangle or CIS cycle propane. I'm drawing it as going towards the top, and then I would draw my methyl groups that were originally they're going down now. This is not a Cairo molecules. That's my final answer. But if I had had some kind of a symmetry, then I would draw the Anant summer or adjust the stereo is, um er that would be faced the other way. Okay, Now, one thing to keep in mind about this, this is deceptively easy. But there's one thing you need. Toe. Keep in mind, these hydrogen could be swapped for any other atom that just likes to have one bond, for example, how logins I could easily use a car being that has, let's say C br too right? If I did that, what we need to add to this molecule you would need to draw those, bro, means guys. So here, I'm just gonna draw hydrogen, since that's what I was using. But keep in mind that if it had been bro means or anything else, you would have to add them to the tip of the cycle of propane.

All right, So now let's move on to the second reaction that does a cycle appropriation. And I think this was actually the trickiest one. Because if you look at these re agents, what you'll find is that they look strangely familiar. You have this molecule that kind of looks like an Al Kyohei lied or a leaving group. You have this molecule that looks like a nuclear file or base, and you might be thinking that this is in the category of substitution or elimination. You might think this is a flow chart question. Remember that flow chart that we use for those types of reactions? Well, it's not, though, because if you recognize that this is not a typical leaving group, typically, leaving groups would just have one alcohol, one Hey lied or one soul from the Esther. But here I have three coins. That's not usual. That would not be a flow truck question. So let's go ahead and look at the generation of this car bean so you guys can see how it works. Basically, the way this mechanism works is that let's say about your carbon and you've got your hydrogen and then you've got your three Pala Jin's chlorine. Okay, what happens is that this is going to react in an acid base reaction with turkey talk side, which I'm just gonna draw like this. Okay, The turkey talk side is gonna look at that hydrogen, and it's gonna extract it because it's a strong base. So we're gonna take away that hydrogen. Okay, but if we make up on, we have to break upon. This is the interesting part. You haven't really seen Meghan many mechanisms that do this. But what we're gonna do is we're gonna actually place the electrons directly on to the carbon. Okay? So, essentially, instead of going bond to bond, we're going bond to Adam, which is fine. But now, if we make that bond is to break another bond, we have to kick out one of the c l's. Okay, so we wind up getting as a product of this is now. Ah, car bean. What we're going to get is now a carbon with to see l's and a lone pair. Does that look familiar? That is my car bean that I was able to create through the elimination reaction. So instead of beta elimination, this would be Alfa elimination, but it's very similar concepts. Notice the three arrows and we're basically taking away a hydrogen. Okay, we're getting rid of to to single bonds. Okay, so now we've got our car bean. What happens? The mechanism just takes over, like before. Thes arrows. We're gonna really ugly. I'll raise them in a second. But it would just be this on that. Okay, Just the same thing. Now, your product guys, is gonna be the same exact molecule. Accept what you have to be watchful for this time. We have chlorine. So add those chlorine is Do not forget those chlorine guys. They're important. That's points on your exam. Okay, Awesome. So hopefully that combination made sense.

let's move on to the next. So another regent that creates a cycle appropriation is called Dyas. Oh, methane. Okay, now Dyas. Oh, methane is an interesting structure because first of all, you guys haven't seen this yet. This is more into organic chemistry to but any time you see, like an n n substitue it like this. So I'm just gonna write it here and triple one end, and then our this is called a die as a group. Okay, It's just a functional group. It's a function of if we don't teach an oracle one just because it's kind of beyond the scope of this course. But it's something you will see in the future. And something that's really interesting about de Aza groups, guys, is that they love to spontaneously disassociate. Why? Because notice that you've got this end end triple bond. And I'm not sure if you guys are aware nitrogen gas is like 78% of the atmosphere. It is nitrogen gas. Okay, it's inert. It's super stable. Okay. I mean, it's been around for billions of years, literally. So nitrogen gas is I'm just gonna draw little squiggle line is end. Triple one n lone pair lone pair. And this day as a group has a lone pair there. So see how close that dyas Oh, is to being nitrogen gas? It's almost nitrogen gas. All it has to do is pick up these electrons, take him away, and now it takes off into the atmosphere. Likely to never be reacted again. This thing is going to be like in its nirvana. Okay, if it could just take those electrons. So guess what allows it to do that pretty much any amount of energy if you insert energy into the system in this case, in terms of light energy, but he energy could work as well. You will give the diocese just enough of a little punch to grab those electrons take off and set sailing for the rest of its happy life. Okay, so this dyas Oh, methane when it grabs a little bit of light, guess what's gonna happen. It's gonna grab when a little bit of light is radiated on it, it's gonna grab these electrons and what you're gonna get, you're gonna get end to gas that's gone, okay? And then you're also going to get what see age age lone pair. Okay, That's the other thing. Guess what's gonna happen. Same mechanism, guys. Now you've got your car bean. And that car bean can react with the dull bond just like before. I'm going to erase these arrows, but it just does this. Okay, so Diane's Oh, Methane would actually just give me a cycle of propane. Nothing fancy about it. Okay? Not behaving today, huh? Okay. Perfect. Okay, guys. So see why I'm grouping these all together. They're kind of like they're all doing the same thing just in different ways.

Finally, we have the Simon Smith reaction. Okay, so the Simon Smith reaction is the most complicated in terms of re agents. I don't need you to memorize all the different combinations, as long as you can possibly remember the bottom one. Okay, so the re agents are this. Let me just list them out for you. There's die. I Oto methane. Okay, that's the first one here, so I'm just gonna make that one red. There's a zinc copper couple. That's this. And when you react those two things together, guess what happens when you have to diet or methane with zinc copper couple. You get them to react together to make something called I Odo Zinc metal. I who died. Okay, literally. Exactly. The way it looks is the way you say state the name. And this is what we call the Symon Smith re agent. Okay, so the Symon Smith free agent would be this guy right here. Okay, now, that looks really complicated, but see the ch two guys, that's the important part. The important part is that you're gonna make something. Looks like this C h two. Okay. That has basically, um, iodine is coming off of it. Okay, so it's basically got, um, Bond to hear Bond to here with, like, an iodine coming off of it. Wait, I can definitely drew that wrong. Um, but honestly, the mechanism is not important. That's why, like, I don't even know the full mechanism. Um, it's just basically gonna be a source of ch two. Okay? I'm a little bit embarrassed that I didn't I didn't draw the full mechanism, but to be honest, it's because we're using heavy metals with This is a game, Copper. You're not gonna be responsible for the full mechanism. You just need to know the product. Okay? So just imagine that you're basically making bonds the ch two. Okay. Now, by the way, one more word of advice This is not a car bean. This is what we call a car. Be annoyed. Okay, So that's why I said that you either need a car bean or carbon oId. Alright. So, by the way, if you're really interested in the mechanism, it's on Wikipedia. So that's your little research for the end of today. But I'm gonna show you the product. The product has no iodine is on it. It just has the CH two. So once again we're getting our cycle of propane and that's it. And then the iodine and zinc just kind of the group together and they go out a solution. Okay, so anyway, guys, now you can see there's four different ways to add a triangle or a cycle of propane toe a double bond, four different edition reactions. But they all follow very similar mechanisms. Alright, so hope that made sense. Let's move onto the next topic.