The four collaborative properties discuss what happens to a pure solvent as a salute is added to it. We're going to say as a solvent is added to a solvent. Some cognitive properties will increase and others will decrease now when it comes to a boiling point and osmotic pressure, the more solid I add, the higher they go, so the more they will increase and for freezing point and vapor pressure, the more solid I add, then the lower they go they're going to decrease. So let's take a more in depth. Look at them now boiling point, which is abbreviated BP. Remember this is just the temperature where a liquid and a gas are in equilibrium. Here we have our liquid molecules swimming around each other and here we have our gas molecules spread apart. So Bolling point is basically what connects these two phases of matter together freezing point, which is abbreviated FP. This is a temperature where a liquid and a solid are in equilibrium. Here we have our liquids and now we have our rigid solid freezing point is what connects them to one another, going from one to the other. Vapour pressure vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a gas at the surface of a liquid. So in this image, the armed sphere here represents the surface of the liquid. That pressure comes from the liquids above it. They're pushing down and exerting this vapor pressure on the liquid. Now, what we need to realize is that it's measurable at equilibrium where we have condensation and vaporization occurring at the same time. Now, osmotic pressure osmotic pressure. This is the force that drives osmosis from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. So, if we take a look here, we can see that this right side of this Youtube phenomena here. It is only has two dots. It's less concentrated. The left side is way more concentrated Osmotic pressure is the force that's causing the water to rush from this right side. Over here on the left, we're gonna try to dilute all those extra dots on the left side as a result of this. You can see now that the left side, it's arm of water of liquid is much higher up. That's because the excess water that was over here again moved from its lower concentration state to a higher concentration to try to dilute that solution. So just remember these are our four collective properties when we add more salute boiling boiling point and osmotic pressure are increasing, whereas freezing point and vapor pressure are decreasing.

now the Van Hoff factor, which uses the variable I equals the number of ions produced from dissolving a soluble solvent. Now, when we talk about salutes, we group them as being either ionic or covalin in nature. Now remember ionic compounds are composed of a positive ion connected to a negative ion. That positive ion can be in the form of the ammonium ion or a metal and then that negative ion will be in the form of non metal. So here, if we take a look, we have sodium hydroxide, ammonium, carbonate and aluminum sulfate as our three ionic compounds, each one because their ionic can break up into ions here we have an A plus O H minus here it breaks up into two ions. We just said that the Van Hoff factor is a number of ions produced when a soluble solid dissolves. So since there's two ions, I equals two ammonium carbonate, breaks up into two ammonium ions plus one carbonate ion. For a total of three ions. So here I equals three Aluminium sulfate, breaks up into two aluminum ions and three sulfate ions. For a total of five ions. And because of that I equals five. Now Covalin compounds just compounds composed of only non metals together. Okay we're gonna stay here that they are because of this. They are non volatile. You're gonna say they are non I in Izabal or non electrolytes. Okay so here if they mentioned Covalin salutes, if they mentioned that they're non volatile, if they mentioned that they're non electrolytes we group them all under Covalin salutes. So here we have glucose, we have chlorine, we have methanol and here we have on something called Yuria. So um urine, that's one of the main components of it. All of these are co violent in nature and therefore they are non volatile. Which means they don't break up into ions and their non electrolytes, which also means they don't break up into ions because of that I equals one. Now technically zero ions are formed so they just stand the form that they're in so that still counts. They stay in the form that they're in so we just count them as one. So I for them with equal to one. So remember ionic compounds break up into ions. It's important you get the number correct to write. They'll find the right number for I for covalin salutes. They don't break up into ions there. I will always just be one in its value.

So remember for the collective properties. The more salute you add, the more they can be affected boiling point and osmotic pressure will keep going up, freezing point vapor pressure would go down. Now the solid amount added equals the number of ions of that salute. Well remember that prevent a factor. So that's I times the concentration of that compound or salyut. Now this concentration could represent either molar itty or morality. And if for incorporating ions with polarity or morality then they become osmolarity and osmolarity. So remember osmolarity is ionic polarity. Oz morality is ionic morality. Right? So for osmolarity saw you formula we're gonna say osmolarity which is the amount of solute equals I the number of ions for the salute times the polarity of the compound as a whole as morality is the same kind of idea it equals I the number of salute on ions that we have times the morality of the compound. These two formulas will help us determine the amount of solute that a salute given to us represents, and that will help us determine which want to have the highest boiling point or which one has the lowest freezing point, etcetera. So keep this in mind. We use osmolarity and osmolarity to determine the amount of salt that is at.