1. Intro to General Chemistry

2. Atoms & Elements

3. Chemical Reactions

4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions

6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions

7. Gases

8. Thermochemistry

9. Quantum Mechanics

10. Periodic Properties of the Elements

11. Bonding & Molecular Structure

12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory

13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces

14. Solutions

15. Chemical Kinetics

16. Chemical Equilibrium

17. Acid and Base Equilibrium

18. Aqueous Equilibrium

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

20. Electrochemistry

21. Nuclear Chemistry

22. Organic Chemistry

23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals

24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds

[BOOK CHEM] Clutch Version

Significant Figures: Precision in Measurements

Accuracy and Precision in Measurements Explained

Significant Figures Precision Concept

(c) Is a graduated
cylinder such as that shown in Figure 1.21 likely to afford the
accuracy of measurement needed?<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/46925be71ab0c939-1664213335111.jpg" alt="" />

(a) What is the length of the pencil in the following figure if
the ruler reads in centimeters? How many significant figures
are there in this measurement?
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/c2acf90f21f2901b-1660301137102.jpg" alt="" />

Read each measurement to the correct number of significant
figures. Laboratory glassware should always be read from the
bottom of the meniscus. Digital balances normally display mass
to the correct number of significant figures for that particular
balance.
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/770a9e021c5fc1a2-1659717584306.jpg" alt="" />

Chemistry Lesson: Significant Digits & Measurements

Rounding and Order of Operations Used in Significant Figures

The digits that are reported in an answer are called

The maximum number of significant digits is called the

Read each measurement to the correct number of significant
figures. Laboratory glassware should always be read from the
bottom of the meniscus. Digital balances normally display mass
to the correct number of significant figures for that particular
balance.
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/6e152c03fa7a7643-1659716796089.jpg" alt="" />

How many milliliters of water does the graduated cylinder in (a) contain, and how tall in centimeters is the paper clip in (b)? How many significant figures do you have in each answer?
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/12572ca15f6f1c7a-1667933581572.jpg" alt="" />

Accuracy can only be evaluated if the accepted or true value of the measurement is known.

Correct, the values lie very close to one another.

The measurements are both accurate and precise.

The measurements are neither accurate nor precise.

 Accuracy refers to how close the measured value is to the actual value; precision refers to how close the measured values come to one another. 

A student made the following measurements in lab. <table><tbody><tr><th scope="row">Trial 1</th><td>2.125 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Trial 2</th><td>2.123 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Trial 3</th><td>2.127 g</td></tr></tbody></table>Which of the following can be said for certain?

Precision And Significant Digits

Report the reading on the buret to the correct number of significant figures. (LO 1.15) 
(a) 1 mL 
(b) 1.4 mL 
(c) 1.40 mL 
(d) 1.400 mL

What is the correct reading for the liquid in the burette provided below?<img src="https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/courses/general-chemistry/thumbnails/images/83276e2c"alt=""/>

What is the temperature reading on the fol-lowing Celsius thermometer? How many sig-nificant figures do you have in your answer?
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/f99e0cb2d5691fbb-1667925930615.jpg" alt="" />

(b) An automobile speedometer
with circular scales reading both miles per hour and
kilometers per hour is shown. What speed is indicated, in
both units? How many significant figures are in the measurements?
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/2508b557c55f5eb7-1660576864045.jpg" alt="" />

If a measured quantity is written correctly, which digits are certain?

You have a graduated cylinder that contains a liquid (see
photograph). Write the volume of the liquid, in milliliters,
using the proper number of significant figures.
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/58633ed79ba8797e-1676314614503.jpg" alt="" />

An experimental procedure call for 250 mg of calcium car-bonate. The balance in the laboratory measures mass in grams and reads to four decimal places. Which reading on the bal-ance corresponds to 250 mg?
(a) 0.0250
(b) 0.2500 
(c) 0.0025

Significant Figures Precision Example

Read the length of the metal bar to the correct number of significant figures.&nbsp;<img src="https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/courses/general-chemistry/thumbnails/images/dcb42cb0"alt=""/>

Precision, Accuracy, Measurement, and Significant Figures

Read each measurement to the correct number of significant 
figures. Laboratory glassware should always be read from the 
bottom of the meniscus. Digital balances normally display mass
to the correct number of significant figures for that particular 
balance.

Significant figures are important because they indicate

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SI Units

The International System of Units (SI) is related to the metric system and is based on seven base units.

Physical & Chemical Changes

A physical change involves a change in the phases of matter, whereas a chemical change involves a change in chemical bonds.&nbsp;

Physical Properties

Physical Properties are measurable properties that describe the state of chemical compounds.&nbsp;

Significant Figures: In Calculations

Significant Figures are often involved in chemical calculations.&nbsp;

Scientific Notation

Scientific Notation is used to turn small or large inconvenient numbers into manageable ones.&nbsp;

Density of Non-Geometric Objects

The density of non-geometric objects can be determined using water displacement.&nbsp;

Density

Density represents the mass of an object or compound within a given volume.&nbsp;

Significant Figures are used to discuss the level of precision in any measurement.&nbsp;

Intensive vs. Extensive Properties

Intensive Properties are independent and Extensive Properties are dependent on the size or amount of substance present

Density of Geometric Objects

The density of geometric objects generally includes spheres, cubes and cylinders.&nbsp;

Significant Figures

Significant Figures are used to determine some level of accuracy within our recorded measurements.&nbsp;

Dimensional Analysis

We use dimensional analysis&nbsp;as a fail proof process to convert from one unit to another.

Chemical Properties

Chemical Properties are observed during chemical reactions.&nbsp;

Temperature

Temperature is a measure of the amount of average kinetic energy of the atoms in a compound.

Metric Prefixes

Metric Prefixes are “labels” that can be placed in front of base units.&nbsp;

Conversion Factors

Conversion Factors represent ratios or fractions composed of different units.&nbsp;

Classification of Matter

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes, with the atom being its basic functional unit.&nbsp;