In this video, we're gonna talk about the ligand types. Now, liens themselves represent molecules or ions that act as Lewis bases and donate at least one lone pair to a metal cion. Remember, a Lewis base is an electron pair donor. The metal cion will behave as a Luis acid and accept that lone pair. When we talk about ligand types, though, we're talking about neutral ones versus negatively charged ones or anionic ones. Now, c ionic or cic like liens, those with positive charges do exist, but we don't talk about those types within Gen C. So right now just realize that the liens are, we're gonna observe are either gonna be neutral or negatively charged. If we take a look here for neutral ones, we have ammonia. It's a ligand because we have this lone pair which we could donate to a metal C. If we chose water, we could donate one of these. Here, we have carbon monoxide here. Um in this structure overall, it is a neutral. But if you were to do, do the formal charges of the carbon and the oxygen carbon will be negative, oxygen will be positive and it's the negatively charged and that would be donating its lone pair. Also remember that carbon ideally wants to make four bonds. So out of the two, it's the one that wants to make a bond. It's only making three here 02. Both of those oxygens are the same. Either one could donate a lone pair to a metal cat. On the other side, we have our amniotic ligands or ligands, those that have negative charge. So we have hydroxide ion, we have X minus rumor X represents a halogen those in group seven A. So it could be fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. We have our cyanide ion again, the negative charges on the carbon here. So it's what will do donate its long hair. Then we have here a thy cyanide ion. In this case, uh we have lone pairs in terms of this, we could have the formal charge of negative on the nitrogen. So it could donate its lone pairs if it chooses to, to our metal cion. So for right now, remember Liggins or Li Gans represent Lewis spaces where they can donate a lone pair, we can have them either be neutral or them being negatively charged. In either case, they will donate a lone pair to a metal cat ion.
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example
Ligands Example
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Here it says which of the phone would represent a neutral ligand or ligand. So here we have bromide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium ion, hydroxide ion and cyanide ion. First of all, remember we said that the ligand types that we will focus on in Gen chem are either neutral or negatively charged ammonium ion is positive. So it's going to be out. Next, we have bromide. I means it has a negative charge minus one. So that's out hydroxide eyed again, negative charge that's out cyanide CN minus. That's out. The answer is B here, hydrogen sulfide represents H two S H2O is similar to H2O. Remember H two saw as a common type of neutral ligo or ligand. So hydrogen sulfide will fit the same bill. Sapir was substituting out the oxygen for sulfur. It'll behave in the same way. So in this case, option B represents our neutral form of A like a
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concept
Ligand Reaction
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Now, a Ln reaction kind of coincides with something we've seen before. Recall that the adopt equals the product of a Lewis base and acid reaction. Remember a liga or lien represents a Lewis base. It's donating a long pair to a metal cion which represents our Luis acid. Now, when we talk about uh adduct, we're adding them together, the overall charge of an AUC equals the sum of the metal cion plus li li in charge. So if we take a look here, we have our metal cion in the form of cadmium ion, we have our ligands, which is water here. This is a metal cion which can accept the long pair. So it represents our Lois acid. And we're gonna say here that water can use one of its lone pairs and donate it to that metal cion. So this is our Lewis base. Now, it could be multiple waters attaching to this cadmium, not just necessarily one here, we have our adduct, we have in fact, four water molecules attaching themselves to one cadmium ion. So here because it's an ion, we put it in brackets and the charge is gonna be on the outside CBI has a two plus charge, the four water molecules that we're adding to it are all neutral. So their charge is zero. So the overall charge would be the charge of the metal cion plus the charges of the ligands. So overall that's gonna be two plus. So this would be the overall charge of our ad duct product between our cadmium ions and four water molecules.
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example
Ligands Example
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Determine the add up product when a nickel three ion combines with two bromide ions. All right. So we have nickel three plus and it's gonna combine with two bromide ions. It's going to be ionic in nature. So we have the plus three from the nickel, each bromide ion is minus one and there's two of them. So that's minus two. We'd have left over for our overall charge a plus one. So here this adduct has a charge and because of that, we have to place it within brackets. So this represents our adduct product.
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Problem
Problem
Determine the charge of the metal cation in the given adduct product below:
A
+1
B
0
C
–2
D
+3
E
+2
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Problem
Problem
Determine the type of ligand connected to the calcium ion.
A
Neutral
B
Anionic
C
Cationic
D
Not enough information given.
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Problem
Problem
Determine the overall charge of the adduct when the aluminum ion combines with 2 bromides and 1 chlorides.