14. Solutions

Mole Fraction

How to calculate the mole fraction of a component is a solution?

Determine the Mole Fraction in 1.00 L of 2.20 M NaCl

Mole Fraction Explained

Household bleach is a 5.0 mass % aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl. What is the molality of the bleach? What is the mole fraction of NaOCl in the bleach?

Mole Fraction Concept 1

Lactose, C12H22O11, is a naturally occurring sugar found in mammalian milk. A 0.335 M solution of lactose in water has a density of 1.0432 g/L at 20 °C. What is the concentra- tion of this solution in the following units?
(b) Mass percent

A solution is prepared by dissolving 20.2 mL of methanol
(CH3OH) in 100.0 mL of water at 25 °C. The final volume of the
solution is 118 mL. The densities of methanol and water at this
temperature are 0.782 g>mL and 1.00 g>mL, respectively. For
this solution, calculate the concentration in each unit.
e. mole percent

A solution is prepared by dissolving 20.2 mL of methanol
(CH3OH) in 100.0 mL of water at 25 °C. The final volume of the
solution is 118 mL. The densities of methanol and water at this
temperature are 0.782 g>mL and 1.00 g>mL, respectively. For
this solution, calculate the concentration in each unit.
d. mole fraction

Calculate mole fraction of a 2.4 m aqueous solution of citric acid (C6H8O7).

If mole fraction of urea is 4.55 × 10–1, what is the mass of urea needed to prepare 38.0 g of solution in water?

The estimated average concentration of NO2 in air in the United States in 2006 was 0.016 ppm. (a) Calculate the partial pressure of the NO2 in a sample of this air when the atmospheric pressure is 755 torr (99.1 kPa).

How would you prepare each of the following solutions?
(c) A solution of methyl alcohol (methanol) and water in which Xmethanol = 0.15 and Xwater = 0.85

An aqueous solution contains 36% HCl by mass. Calculate the 
molality and mole fraction of the solution.

What is the concentration of each of the following solutions?
(b) The mole fraction of each component of a solution pre- pared by dissolving 2.25 g of nicotine, C10H14N2, in
80.0 g of CH2Cl2

The density of toluene 1C7H82 is 0.867 g>mL, and the density of thiophene 1C4H4S2 is 1.065 g>mL. A solution is made
by dissolving 8.10 g of thiophene in 250.0 mL of toluene.
(a) Calculate the mole fraction of thiophene in the solution.

The mass of the solution consists of both solute and solvent.

Correct, and the mole fraction of water is 0.9347.

The mole fraction is the ratio of solute to total moles in the solution not just the moles of solvent.

This value is the mole fraction of water in the solution.

 Mole fraction is defined as the moles of solute divided by the total number of moles (moles of solute + moles of solvent). 

Calculate the mole fraction of sucrose (molar mass = 342.3 g/mol) in an aqueous solution that is 1.80 M sucrose? The density of solution is 1.08 g/mL.

Acetonitrile 1CH3CN2 is a polar organic solvent that
dissolves a wide range of solutes, including many salts.
The density of a 1.80 M LiBr solution in acetonitrile is
0.826 g>cm3. Calculate the concentration of the solution
(b) mole fraction of LiBr,

A 0.944 M solution of glucose, C6H12O6, in water has a density of 1.0624 g/mL at 20 °C. What is the concentration of this solution in the following units?(a) Mole fraction

Mass Percent & Mole Fraction

Molarity, Molality, Volume & Mass Percent, Mole Fraction & Density - Solution Concentration Problems

Mole Fraction Example 1

The density of acetonitrile 1CH3CN2 is 0.786 g>mL and
the density of methanol 1CH3OH2 is 0.791 g>mL. A solution is made by dissolving 22.5 mL of CH3OH in 98.7 mL of
CH3CN. (a) What is the mole fraction of methanol in the
solution?

Find the mass of urea (CH4N2O) needed to prepare 50.0 g of a
solution in water in which the mole fraction of urea is 0.0770.

Caffeine 1C8H10N4O22 is a stimulant found in coffee and
tea. If a solution of caffeine in the solvent chloroform
1CHCl32 has a concentration of 0.0500 m, calculate (b) the mole fraction of caffeine in the solution.
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/514ee11238cdabd0-1674849495420.jpg" alt="" />

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Types of Aqueous Solutions

When an ionic solid dissolves, ions leave the solid and become dispersed in the solvent. Three possible aqueous solutions can be formed:saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated.

Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling Point Elevation is the phenomenon when adding a solute to a pure solvent results in increased boiling point of the solvent.

Intro to Henry's Law

According to&nbsp;Henry's Law, at a constant temperature the amount of a gas dissolved in a solvent is directly proportional to its partial pressure when it is in equilibrium with its liquid phase.&nbsp;

Osmotic Pressure

Osmotic Pressure is the force that drives Osmosis from higher concentration to lower concentration.

Mole Fraction (X) relates the moles of solute and solvent within a solution.&nbsp;

The Colligative Properties

The&nbsp;Colligative Properties&nbsp;explain what happens to a pure solvent as it transitions to a solution.

Molality

Molality (m)&nbsp;represents the number of moles of solute dissolved per kilogram of solvent.&nbsp;

Freezing Point Depression

Freezing Point Depression is the phenomenon when adding a solute to a pure solvent results in decreased freezing point of the solvent.

Solutions: Solubility and Intermolecular Forces

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures that result from the dissolving of a solute by a solvent.

Vapor Pressure Lowering (Raoult's Law)

Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by a gas at equilibrium with its liquid phase at a specific temperature in a closed system.

Henry's Law Calculations

To calculate solubility of a dissolves gas, Henry's Law Constant and partial pressure are used.

Solutions: Mass Percent

Mass Percent represents grams of solute per grams of solution, multiplied by 100.

Osmosis

Osmosis is the net movement of solvent across a semipermeable membrane.

Parts per Million (ppm)

<div dir="auto"><div contenteditable="true"dir="auto"spellcheck="true">Parts per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion (ppb) are used to express extremely dilute solution concentrations.</div></div>

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