Which of the following are classified as intramolecular forces?

• A. Dipole-dipole interactions
• B. Hydrogen bonds
• C. London dispersion forces
• D. Covalent bonds

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the difference between intramolecular and intermolecular forces: Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule, such as covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and metallic bonds. Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules, such as dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds, and London dispersion forces.
2. Identify the nature of each option: Dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds, and London dispersion forces are all types of intermolecular forces because they occur between separate molecules.
3. Recognize that covalent bonds are intramolecular forces because they involve the sharing of electrons between atoms within a single molecule, holding the atoms together.
4. Conclude that among the given options, only covalent bonds are intramolecular forces, while the others are intermolecular forces.
5. Summarize that intramolecular forces determine the chemical properties of a molecule, while intermolecular forces influence physical properties like boiling and melting points.