Why do atoms form covalent bonds?

• A. To transfer electrons from one atom to another
• B. To increase their atomic radius
• C. To decrease their electronegativity
• D. To achieve a stable electron configuration by sharing electrons

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that atoms form bonds to achieve greater stability, often by reaching a full outer electron shell similar to the nearest noble gas configuration.
2. Recognize that covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, rather than transferring electrons completely as in ionic bonds.
3. Recall that sharing electrons allows each atom in the bond to count the shared electrons toward its valence shell, helping both atoms achieve a stable electron configuration.
4. Note that this sharing typically occurs between nonmetal atoms with similar electronegativities, which do not easily lose or gain electrons outright.
5. Conclude that the primary reason atoms form covalent bonds is to achieve a stable electron configuration by sharing electrons, rather than transferring electrons, changing atomic radius, or altering electronegativity.