1. Intro to General Chemistry

2. Atoms & Elements

3. Chemical Reactions

4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions

6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions

7. Gases

8. Thermochemistry

9. Quantum Mechanics

10. Periodic Properties of the Elements

11. Bonding & Molecular Structure

12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory

13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces

14. Solutions

15. Chemical Kinetics

16. Chemical Equilibrium

17. Acid and Base Equilibrium

18. Aqueous Equilibrium

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

20. Electrochemistry

21. Nuclear Chemistry

22. Organic Chemistry

23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals

24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds

[BOOK CHEM] Clutch Version

In the&#160;condensed formula&#160;the bonds are pushed in to give a more compact representation of the bonds.&#160;

Isooctane, the substance in gasoline from which the term octane rating derives, has the formula C8H18. Each carbon has four covalent bonds, and the atoms are connected in the sequence shown. Draw the complete structural formula of isooctane. <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/abe77a1138ca727c-1674164159608.jpg" alt="" />

Methionine, one of the 20 amino acid building blocks from which proteins are made, has the following structure. What is the chemical formula of methionine? In writing the for-mula, list the element symbols in alphabetical order, and give the number of each element as a subscript. <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/680775621e82e475-1674153758077.jpg" alt="" />

Write the structural formulas of three different compounds that
each have the molecular formula C5H12.

Illustrate the condensed structural formula of the following hydrocarbon

There is a form of isomerism in alkenes with the same connectivity between atoms.

Correct, due to the presence of the carbon to carbon double bond.

Only one type of isomerism is due to restricted rotation.

none of the above; alkenes don&#8217;t form isomers.

Alkenes can form several types of isomers.

 Review the makeup of a double bond in terms of hybridized and unhybridized orbitals. 

The type of isomerism in alkenes that is due to restricted rotation is

Determine the molecular formula for the following organic compound

Identify the two compounds that display stereoisomerism and
draw their structures.
e. 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol

Section 2.9 introduced the idea of structural isomerism,
with 1-propanol and 2-propanol as examples. Determine
which of these properties would distinguish these two substances:
(a) boiling point, (b) combustion analysis results, 
(c) molecular weight, (d) density at a given temperature and 
pressure. You can check on the properties of these two compounds 
in Wolfram Alpha (http://www.wolframalpha.com/) 
or the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.

Cyclopropane is an interesting hydrocarbon. Instead of having
three carbons in a row, the three carbons form a ring, as
shown in this perspective drawing (see Figure 2.18 for a prior
example of this kind of drawing):
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/7c0321fdab8cfb06-1661441569385.jpg" alt="" />
Cyclopropane was at one time used as an anesthetic, but its
use was discontinued, in part because it is highly flammable.
(b) The three carbon atoms
are necessarily in a plane. What do the different wedges
mean?

In the skeletal formula all carbons and the hydrogens connected to them are not shown. Only elements different from carbon and the hydrogens connected to them can be represented.&#160;

How to Draw structural formula for organic compounds - Dr K

Butane and isobutane do not have the same connectivity of atoms.

Butane and isobutane do not have restricted rotation about the carbon to carbon bonds.

Correct, different structures of the same molecular formula.

 Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures or different spatial arrangement of atoms are called isomers. 

Butane and methylpropane are examples of _________.

Determine whether the two structures are isomers or the same
molecule drawn in two different ways.
c. <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/ef00723c9337294c-1665412569798.jpg" alt="" />

Convert the following structural formula into the carbon skeleton formula, otherwise known as a kekulé structure

Dichloroethylene 1C2H2Cl22 has three forms (isomers), each 
of which is a different substance. (a) Draw Lewis structures of 
the three isomers, all of which have a carbon–carbon double 
bond.

Dichloroethylene 1C2H2Cl22 has three forms (isomers), each 
of which is a different substance. (c) How many isomeric forms can chloroethylene, C2H3Cl, 
have? Would they be expected to have dipole moments?

Reading Skeletal Line Structures (Organic Chemistry), Parts 2 & 3

Convert the following structural formula into its condensed formula

Structural Formula vs

Determine whether the molecules in each pair are the same or enantiomers. c. <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/ff7a6ba0be471ff0-1668623846286.jpg" alt="" />

Determine whether the two structures are isomers or the same
molecule drawn in two different ways.
b. <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/657bdee3b2bc961c-1665412262632.jpg" alt="" />

(b) Among the four
alkanes, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane, which is capable
of existing in isomeric forms?

Write structural formulas for each of the possible isomers of n-pentyne that are formed by moving the position of the triple bond.

In the&#160;structural&#160;formula&#160;all the individual bonds are shown. This representation is sometimes called the expanded chemical formula.&#160;

Chloropropane is derived from propane by substituting Cl
for H on one of the carbon atoms. (a) Draw the structural
formulas for the two isomers of chloropropane.

Cyclohexane, C6H12, is an important starting material used in the industrial synthesis of nylon. Each carbon has four covalent bonds, two to hydrogen and two to other carbons. Draw the structural formula of cyclohexane.

Write structural formulas for each of the nine structural isomers
of heptane.

Structural Formula

How to draw Skeletal formula

drawing condensed structural formulas

STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Determine whether the molecules in each pair are the same or enantiomers. c. <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/9603ba860a6715f4-1665407596418.jpg" alt="" />

GCSE/IGCSE Organic Chemistry - Part 1 - Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Draw the structure that corresponds to each name and indicate
which structures can exist as stereoisomers.
b. 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexene

Structural & Condensed Formulas Problems

Fructose, C6H12O6, is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar and is found in many fruits and berries. Each carbon has four covalent bonds, each oxygen has two covalent bonds, each hydrogen has one covalent bond, and the atoms are connected in the sequence shown. Draw the complete struc-tural formula of fructose. <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/6fa5a20fbb03d70e-1674164654208.jpg" alt="" />

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Benzene Reactions

Although benzene rings have pi bonds like alkenes and alkynes, they cannot undergo addition reactions because of their stability and instead do Aromatic Reactions.&#160;

Optical Isomers

Optiical activity deals with the ability of a solution to rotate plane polarized light.&#160;

Functional Groups

A functional group can be thought of as a modification to an alkane carbon chain or ring and is&nbsp;identified by pi bonds or elements different from carbon or hydrogen.&nbsp;

Carboxylic Acid Derivative Reactions

The most common Carboxylic Acid&nbsp;Derivative Reactions involve the formation of esters and amides.&nbsp;

Chirality

A molecule that possesses chirality is said to be nonsuperimposable.&nbsp;

An organic compound can be written in different ways. Each one is a unique expression of the bonds each element is making.&#160;

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon and the chemical bonds it forms with elements.&nbsp;

Alkane Reactions

The saturated hydrocarbons&#160;are referred to as alkanes because of their low polarity and low reactivity.&#160;

Alkenes and Alkynes

The presence of pi bonds in both alkenes and alkynes allows them to undergo Addition Reactions.&#160;

Naming Alkanes

As with any functional group there is a list of rules that must be followed for naming alkanes.&#160;

Alcohol Reactions

As a result of the presence of their highly polarized hydroxyl (OH) group, alcohols can be involved in many organic reactions.

The Alkyl Group

The removal of a hydrogen atom from an alkane compound creates an alkyl group.&nbsp;

Naming Alkenes

As with any functional group there is a list of rules that must be followed for naming alkenes.&#160;

Hydrocarbon

The term &#8220;hydrocarbon&#8221; refers to compounds that contain only carbons and hydrogens.&#160;

Naming Alkynes

Like the other hydrocarbons, the alkynes also have a list of rules they must follow for naming.&#160;