Which intermolecular force in liquids is primarily responsible for causing surface tension?

• A. Ionic bonding
• B. Dipole-dipole interactions
• C. London dispersion forces
• D. Hydrogen bonding

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that surface tension in liquids arises due to the cohesive forces between molecules at the surface, which tend to minimize the surface area.
2. Recognize the different types of intermolecular forces: ionic bonding (strong electrostatic attraction in ionic compounds), dipole-dipole interactions (attractions between polar molecules), London dispersion forces (temporary induced dipoles in all molecules), and hydrogen bonding (a strong type of dipole-dipole interaction involving H bonded to N, O, or F).
3. Analyze which intermolecular force is strongest and most directional in liquids, especially those with molecules containing N-H, O-H, or F-H bonds, as these lead to significant hydrogen bonding.
4. Recall that hydrogen bonding creates a strong cohesive force at the liquid's surface, leading to higher surface tension compared to liquids where only dipole-dipole or London dispersion forces are present.
5. Conclude that hydrogen bonding is primarily responsible for causing surface tension in liquids where it is present, making it the correct answer.