In which of the following types of chemical bonding are hybrid orbitals formed?

• A. Hydrogen bonding
• B. Covalent bonding
• C. Metallic bonding
• D. Ionic bonding

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand what hybrid orbitals are: Hybrid orbitals are formed when atomic orbitals mix to create new orbitals that are suitable for the pairing of electrons to form covalent bonds.
2. Recall that covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, which often requires the formation of hybrid orbitals to explain molecular shapes and bond angles.
3. Recognize that ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in ions, and does not involve the formation of hybrid orbitals.
4. Note that metallic bonding involves a 'sea of electrons' shared among metal atoms and does not require hybrid orbitals for bonding explanation.
5. Understand that hydrogen bonding is an intermolecular force, not a type of chemical bond formed by orbitals, so hybrid orbitals are not involved.