Which intermolecular force is present in all molecules, regardless of their polarity?

• A. Ion-dipole forces
• B. Dipole-dipole interactions
• C. Hydrogen bonding
• D. London dispersion forces

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction between molecules, and different types exist depending on the nature of the molecules involved.
2. Recognize that ion-dipole forces occur between ions and polar molecules, so they are not present in all molecules.
3. Know that dipole-dipole interactions occur only between polar molecules, so nonpolar molecules do not exhibit these forces.
4. Recall that hydrogen bonding is a special, strong type of dipole-dipole interaction that requires hydrogen bonded to N, O, or F, so it is not universal.
5. Identify that London dispersion forces (also called induced dipole-induced dipole forces) arise from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution and are present in all molecules, whether polar or nonpolar.