13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

CHEMISTRY 201: Using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to solve for vapor pressure

Choose any two temperatures and corresponding vapor pressures in the table given in Problem 11.30, and use those values to calculate ΔHvap for dichloromethane in kJ/mol. How does the value you calculated compare to the value you read from your plot in Problem 11.32?

The chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F, has Pvap = 100.0 mm Hg at -23 °C and ΔHvap
= 24.77 kJ>mol.
(b) What is ΔSvap for trichlorofluoromethane?

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Concept 2

Linear Form of Clausius-Clapeyron Equation used when given a plot of lnP vs inverse of Temperature.

Benzene has a heat of vaporization of 30.72 kJ/mol and a normal 
boiling point of 80.1 °C. At what temperature does benzene 
boil when the external pressure is 445 torr?

Find the Vapour Pressure (Clausius-Clapeyron Equation)

The vapor pressure of ethanol (C2H5OH) at 19 °C is 40.0 torr. A 1.00-g sample of ethanol is placed in a 2.00 L con- tainer at 19 °C. If the container is closed and the ethanol is allowed to reach equilibrium with its vapor, how many grams of liquid ethanol remain?

The following data present the temperatures at which certain vapor pressures are achieved for dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and methyl iodide (CH3I):  (c) The order of volatility of these two substances changes as the temperature is increased. What quantity must be different for the two substances for this phenom- enon to occur?

Vapor pressure measurements at various temperature values are given below. Determine the molar heat of vaporization for cyclohexane.<img src="https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/courses/general-chemistry/thumbnails/images/58a746e6"class="fr-fic fr-dii">

Using the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation to Calculate Vapor Pressure

Carbon disulfide has a vapor pressure of 363 torr at 25 °C and a 
normal boiling point of 46.3 °C. Find ΔHvap for carbon disulfide.

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Concept 1

This table displays the vapor pressure of ammonia at several different
temperatures. Use the data to determine the heat of
vaporization and normal boiling point of ammonia.
Temperature (K) Pressure (torr)
200 65.3
210 134.3
220 255.7
230 456.0
235 597.0

Two-Point Form of Clausius-Clapeyron Equation used when 2 Temperatures and 2 Pressures are involved.

Examining the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

Supposethevaporpressureofasubstanceismeasuredattwo different temperatures. (a) By using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation (Equation 11.1) derive the following relationship between the vapor pressures, P1 and P2, and the absolute tem- peratures at which they were measured, T1 and T2:  (b) Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons, a component of which is octane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3). Octane has a vapor pressure of 13.95 torr at 25 °C and a vapor pressure of 144.78 torr at 75 °C. Use these data and the equa- tion in part (a) to calculate the heat of vaporization of octane. (c) By using the equation in part (a) and the data given in part (b), calculate the normal boiling point of octane. Compare your answer to the one you obtained from Exercise 11.81. (d) Calculate the vapor pressure of octane at - 30 °C.

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Example 2

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Example 1

The following table gives the vapor pressure of hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) as a function of temperature:  (a) By plotting these data in a suitable fashion, determine whether the Clausius–Clapeyron equation (Equation 11.1) is obeyed. If it is obeyed, use your plot to determine ∆Hvap for C6F6.

Vapor Pressure - Normal Boiling Point & Clausius Clapeyron Equation

Dichloromethane, CH2Cl2, is an organic solvent used for removing caffeine from coffee beans. The following table gives the vapor pressure of dichloromethane at various tem- peratures. Fill in the rest of the table, and use the data to plot curves of Pvap versus T and ln Pvap versus 1/T.

What is the vapor pressure of SiCl4 in mm Hg at 30.0 °C? (See Problem 11.27.)

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Concept 3

Clausius Clapeyron Equation Examples and Practice Problems

Vapor Pressure looks at the equilibrium established between vaporization and condensation. By using the Clasius-Clapeyron equation, the enthalpy of vaporization can be determined.&nbsp;

Ethanol has a heat of vaporization of 38.56 kJ>mol and a normal 
boiling point of 78.4 °C. What is the vapor pressure of ethanol 
at 15 °C?

Vapor pressure and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation

Benzene has a heat of vaporization of 30.72 kJ/mol and a normal boiling point of 80.1°C. At what temperature does benzene boil when the external pressure is 405 torr?

Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2, one of the chlorofluo- rocarbon refrigerants responsible for destroying part of the Earth’s ozone layer, has Pvap = 40.0 mm Hg at -81.6 °C and Pvap = 400 mm Hg at -43.9 °C. What is the normal boiling point of CCl2F2 in °C?

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[BOOK CHEM] Clutch Version

Body Centered Cubic Unit Cell

Body Centered Cubic Unit Cell contains 2 atoms total.

Phase Diagrams

Phase&nbsp;Diagrams show&nbsp;what&nbsp;effect&nbsp;temperature and pressure have&nbsp;on a pure substance in a closed system without any air.

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

Intermolecular forces influence physical properties. &nbsp;We will look at direct and indirect relationships.

Face Centered Cubic Unit Cell

Face Centered Cubic Unit Cell contains 4 atoms in total.

Heating and Cooling Curves

Heating and Cooling Curves represent amount of heat (q) absorbed or released by a substance during phase changes.

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation establishes a quantitative relationship between vapor pressure and temperature.&nbsp;

Molecular Polarity

Polarity of chemical bonds happen in molecules when there is an unequal sharing of electrons.&nbsp;

Intermolecular Forces

Intramolecular Forces are the bonding forces within a molecule. Intermolecular Forces are the attractive forces between 2 molecules.

Simple Cubic Unit Cell

Simple Cubic Unit Cell is the least complex&nbsp;cubic unit cell and contains only 1 atom.

Atomic, Ionic, and Molecular Solids

<div dir="auto"><div contenteditable="true"dir="auto"spellcheck="true">Crystalline solids represent structures with well-organized patterns and shapes. Amorphous solids represent structures that lack an organized pattern or shape.&nbsp;</div></div>

Crystalline Solids

Crystalline Solids are composed of unit cells, crystal lattice and lattice point.

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