Buffer

Hey, guys, In this new video, we're gonna take our first looks at what exactly is a buffer and how do exactly do they work? So we're gonna say here solutions that contain a weak acid and its conjugate base. Remember when I say weak acid, we could think of HF conjugate base means it has one less h plus. So take off the H plus you have f minus. But professors don't like to give you just f minus. They'll combine that F minus with a metal So we could say our conjugate base here is n A F. So solutions which contain a weak acid like HF and a continent base, has one less h like N A F R called buffer solutions because they resist drastic changes in ph. Now, how do they accomplish this? Well, they do this by keeping your H plus concentration and your O. H minus concentration constant. It keeps them basically the same. The way this works is we're gonna say, adding a small amount off strong base and the pH will increase because remember, if you add base, you're gonna go above seven, so you keep going up and up. But It's not gonna increase by much because the weak acid will neutralize the strong base that you that you add now adding a small amount of strong acid and the pH will decrease again. It's not gonna decrease by much, because why the conjugate base will neutralize what you add. So that's how buffer works. Any acid or base that I add. They get reacted with either the weak acid or the conjugate base. So remember, accident bases are natural enemies of each other. So if I add base, my weak acid steps in to try to take it out. If I add acid, my conjugate base steps up and tries to take it out. That's how a buffer will work. Remember, the only things that could destroy a buffer is by adding too much strong base or too much strong acid. Adding water to a base does nothing to it, well, adding water to not a base, but a buffer does nothing to it. Why? Because adding water would change the concentration of my weak acid. But it also change the concentration of my week based proportionately so proportionately the ratio would stay the same, so my buffer would be unaffected by the addition of water. So remember, adding a strong acid or base is the only way to really destroy buffer. Adding water does nothing to it. Now, knowing this, I want you guys to try to answer this first practice question. We're gonna say which one of the following combinations does not create a buffer. Remember, we just set up above Ah, buffer is a weak acid and it's conjugal base. So this is gonna require you guys to remember the rules that we talked about and identifying compounds and either being acidic or basic, strong or weak. Once you can do that, you'll be able to guide your way to the correct answer for this one. Come back, click on the explanation button and see the choice that I make and see if it matches up with yours.

Hey, guys, In this new video, we're gonna take a look at what are the different ways to create a buffer? All right, we know what a buffer is. A buffer is made up of a weak acid and conjugate base or a conjugate acid and a weak base. So that's what a buffer is. But there are three ways to make a buffer. It's gonna be important that you guys recognize these three ways. Now we're gonna say the first way is obvious. Ah, buffer is made up of a weak acid and it's consequent base. So one way to make a buffer is just mixing those two things together. So we're gonna say, mixing a weak acid and its conjugate base. So, for example, what we need to realize here is that we're gonna say in this case, Ah, good buffer, an ideal buffer. So ideal buffer means that this is the best type of buffer. An ideal buffer is when our weak acid equals r conjugate base there the same amount. So let's say we have 0.1 Mueller HF and 0.1 Moeller and A F, and we should realize that the numbers could be different for them, but they work best when they're the same. We're gonna say this has to do with our buffer range. What you should realize here, a good buffer has to fall within the range of 10 to or 1 to 10. Okay. So what do I mean by that? I mean this. So 10 toe one that means are weak. Acid at most could only be 10 times more than my conjugate base. If it falls without that outside that range, it'll be a bad buffer. Okay, so good buffers between 10 toe attend to one ratio or 1 to 10 ratio. And the 1 to 10 now, the weak acid is one, and the conjugate base is 10 times that. Okay, So, again, this is the buffer range. Ah, good. Buffer falls within this range. If it falls outside that range, it'll still be a buffer. It'll just be a very bad buffer. And remember, an ideal buffer is the best buffer. That's when both are the same. Now, connected to this also is another topic which is called our buffer capacity. Now we're gonna say buffer capacity. All it means is the more concentrated my weak acid and conjugate base, the better my buffer. And this makes sense because remember, what is a buffer doing? It's trying to neutralize the strong acid in the strong base that you add to them, and they can't do their job effectively if there's a little bit off them. So to fight such strong acids and strong bases, you need a lot of weak acid and a lot of conjugate base. The more the better, the more they can better defend themselves. So here we're gonna say, this is good because they're both the same number. But this is better because it's more concentrated. So this has a better buffer capacity. Oops. Okay, so buffer capacity, the more concentrated the better. Now, if we go back to this ideal buffer, we're gonna say that's when they both equal each other. We're gonna say that this is found at our half equivalents point when we reached the half equivalents point. That's when we have an ideal buffer. We'll talk more detail on that when we get to titrate Asian graphs. When we get to the Thai tray shin graphs of buffers, we'll take a close look and see what do I mean by the half equivalents point. And why is this an ideal buffer? So just for right now, write a little note on that and ideal buffers when they're both equal. This happens at the half equivalents point. So remember the difference between buffer capacity and buffer range, uh, the best buffers when they're both equal in amount. The buffer rain says there could be a 10 to 1 ratio. Once it's outside that 10 to 1 ratio. The buffer is still a buffer, but it's gonna be a bad buffer. It'll get destroyed very quickly by a strong acid or base that we add.

Now, the second way to make a buffer is to mix some strong acid with some weak base. But here's the thing about this type we're gonna say here the week base has to be higher in amount. Must be hiring amount. If the weak base is equal to the strong acid, it will destroy the buffer. If the strong acid is greater than my weak base, it will destroy the buffer. Okay, so the week base has to always be higher than the strong acid. Otherwise, the buffer will be destroyed. So if we take a look at an example, we can say Here we have one mole of HF and 1.5 moles off NH three and actuaries are weak base and there's more of it. Our units here could be moles or mole Arat E. In this case, this would be a buffer if we have one mole of HF and one more of NH three no longer a buffer because the strong species is equal to my week Species, if I have one point Not sorry, this is HCL. Actually H f is a weak acid. So disregard that hcl if I have one more 1.5 moles of HCL and still one more off and H three. This would also no longer be a buffer. Your strong species cannot be equal to or greater than your week species. If it is, your buffer gets destroyed. So remember that the week species has to be higher in amount in the strong species.

And then finally the last type. We just said strong acid in week base. So let's reverse it. Weak acid and strong base. So example here we could have one point. Let's do different. Number 250 Mueller HF. Now that's a weak acid and 1.0 Mueller N a O h. Okay, so now are weak. Acid is definitely larger, an amount so again here we need the week species higher in amount. So this would be a buffer. Got to remember that. So if we go back, first way is to mix weak acid and contacted base here. They could be equal to or differ from each other. But the good buffers are within the range of 10 to 1 in the next to the week. Species has to be higher than the strong species. Otherwise, it won't be a buffer. You have to remember all three cases because you'll be tested on them. And if you don't know which is which, you won't be able to get the correct answer. So just remember we cast the contact base that could be equal. It could be different asl, long as it's within the range of 10 to 1. It's a good buffer. If it's outside that range, it's a bad buffer. Case two and three the week Species have to be higher than the strong species. The strong species cannot be equal to or greater. If it is, the buffer gets destroyed. Remember these principles and the help guide you to see if you have a buffer or not.

Hey, guys, In this new video, we're gonna put to practice some of the principles we learned in creating a buffer. So, for example, when it says which of the following combinations can result in the formation of a buffer, so we should realize here is in every example, we have 0.1 moles off Hypo Cloris acid now hypochlorite acid, it says acid. So we know it's some type of acid. It has oxygen, so it's an oxy acid. Remember, if we do the math one oxygen minus one hydrogen gives us zero left over, so hypochlorite sass. It is a weak acid, so every single one of these is a weak acid. And because of that, you have to remember what two ways can we make a buffer if we have a weak acid? So remember the two ways is if we have a weak acid and its conjugate base, and the second ways if we have a weak acid and a strong base, But in this second case, the week species has to be higher in amount. So let's take a look at the what's mixing with here. We have a wage which is a strong base. Here we have HCL, which is a strong binary acid. Here in H three is a neutral amine. So it's a week base and anyway, which again is a strong base. So we're looking for the weak acid to be paired up with the conjugate base or the strong base so automatically these tour out because we can't pair up a weak acid with a strong acid or weak acid with a weak base has to be a conjugal base or strong base. Now, in the first one, we actually have more moles of the strong species, so this would not be a buffer. This would actually destroy the buffer. But for the last one, we have mawr of the week species than the strong species, so it would be the last one that makes a buffer. So again, remember the three principles that we learned in creating a buffer apply them to this type of question. Now, for practice one, I want you guys to figure out which one of these combinations will result in a buffer here. Remember, the word off means multiply. So if you multiply these two numbers together, you can help to find moles because remember, moles equals leaders times molar ity. So divide each of these by 1000 multiplied by the molar iti to have moles. You could also keep it in milliliters and multiply times the polarity. But then that would give you Millie moles. So I don't know if you guys want to deal with Millie moles. It's basically the same thing, but you don't have to do it that way, So divide them by 1000. The MLS to get leaders multiply times similarity to give you moles. Remember the three combinations that could result in the formation of a buffer. So check for each one of these. Look to see. Do you have a weak acid and conjugate base? Do you have a weak acid and strong base, or do you have a strong acid and weak base? Look for these combinations. If you don't see them, don't bother doing the math. So I would recommend looking at each compound first and seeing if they match up with any of these combinations. If they do look more deeply look to see doesn't help to create a buffer. If it doesn't match one of these three combinations, don't even bother looking at it. Don't do the math at all. And remember one key thing. I'll give you guys a hint. You have to find out to make sure that the you have the correct concentration of your strong bases. What did we say about strong basis? The concentration I give you is dependent on how maney ions you have, of which particular four ions doing that will help toe get the correct answer. Once you're done with this, come back and click on the explanation button and watch me explain how toe best approach this problem. Good luck, guys.

Hey, guys in this new video will finally get to see how do we calculate the Ph of a buffer? So we're gonna say we learned that whenever we had a weak acid or a base, we had to use our favorite friend the ice chart in order to find ph or P O. H. Now, the great thing is, now that we're dealing with buffers, we no longer necessarily need to do a nice chart. We're gonna say anytime we know we have a buffer for shore. We can skip the ice chart altogether and just use our Henderson Hasselbach equation. So Henderson hassle back, and it's also known as the buffer equation. Now it says that pH equals P K A plus the log of conjugate base over weak acid. Now, when I say piquet, remember, P just means negative log. So P k equals the negative log of K of K And here what I'm talking about conjugate based or weak acid. The units here could be either in polarity or in moles. It all depends if they give you only polarity used polarity. If they give you volumes off a particular polarity, remember, the word off means multiply. So we multiply leaders times, molar, iti to give ourselves moles

So let's look at this first question and see how exactly do we use it? So here it says, What is the Ph of a solution? Consisting off 2.75 Moeller Sodium Finale, which is this compound and 3.0 Moeller phenol, which is this compound? The K of female is 1.0 times 10 to the negative 10. Now what you should realize here is phenol has what it has. H is non metals and oxygen, so phenol is an oxy acid. Use the math that we've learned. You take the number of oxygen's minus by the number of hydrogen. We don't get to oxygen's left, so this is a week oxy acid. We definitely know it's weak because, look, it's it's K a value. It's K value is extremely small. If you're K value is less than one. You're very weak acid. So here we have a weak acid sodium final. It has one less h available. So this is the conjugate base. So we have a weak acid. We have a conjugate base, and therefore we have a buffer. And because we have a buffer, we need to use the buffer equation. Ph equals negative log of K plus the log off. Now the only give us more clarity here. So that's what we're gonna plug in 2.75 Moeller the conjugate base over 3.0 moller are weak acid. When we plug all that in, we'll get back the answer of 9. So that will be our Ph four solution. So remember, if you know for sure you have a weak acid and conjugate base, then you know you have a buffer. And if you have a buffer, just use the Henderson Hasselbach equation. It was designed to find the ph of buffers. Now that we've seen this example, I want you guys to attempt to do practice question one in this one, I'm telling you, calculate the pH of a solution formed by mixing 200 MLS off 2000.400 Mueller Ethel Amine solution with 250 MLS off a point 450 Mueller solution off Ethel. Ammonium solution K B is 5.6 times 10 to the negative four. So figure out first if you have a buffer. If you do manipulate things so that you get the correct units and plug it into the Henderson Hasselbach equation. Doing that, we'll give you the correct pH. Good luck, guys.

Hey, guys, In this new video, we're gonna continue with our discussion and calculating Ph for a buffer. So here in this first example, it says, What is the buffet component concentration ratio, which really is just conjugate base over weak acid off a buffer that has a pH off 5.11 here, I tell you, the K of the acid is 1.30 times 10 to the negative five. Now, since we're dealing with a buffer, let's write out the Henderson Household back equation. The buffer equation so ph equals P K plus log of conjugate base over weak acid. Here, we're gonna say that the pH I tell you is 5.11 PK. Remember, PK is just simply the negative log of K. So we're gonna take the negative log of 1.30 times 10 to the negative five. When we do that, we get 4.89 Take that 4.89 Plug it in here, plus log of conjugate base over weak acid. Now, we're trying to find just this portion right here, so we just have to move everything away from it. Toe isolated. So here we're gonna say so. Track 4.89 from here. So track 4.89 from here. So we're gonna get 0.22 equals Log off. Conjugate base over weak acid. Now, remember, we need toe isolate conjugate base over weak acid. So we have to get rid of that log. How do we do that? Divide both sides by log, which is similar to doing the anti log. So all you say to yourself here is I'm doing the anti log of something. I'm dividing it by log. When I divide anything by log, it becomes 10 to that number. Okay, Now, just realize here that the sign does not change. It was positive here. It's still positive here. Taking the anti log of something does not change the sign. Now, when we take that number and plug it into our calculator, we're gonna get 166 And since this is a ratio, the answer you get is always gonna be over one. So we have 1.6 6/1. What does that mean? That means for every 1.66 conjugate base, I have one weak acid involved. So here we're basically saying that conjugate base is greater in amount than weak acid. These are all the little things you need to know. Professor could just simply say, What is the ratio of conjugate based a weak acid, you would say 1.66 to 1. Or they could ask which one is greater in amount, conjugate base or weak acid? Because the conjugate base is 1.66 while the weak acid is only one. You would say that conjugate base is greater than weak acid, and it all starts from knowing. First we're dealing with a buffer. And second, we have to use the Henderson Hasselbach equation, so we just simply have to manipulate it through algebra. Now that we've done this one, let's go to example, too.

okay, An example to I'm saying over what ph range will in oxalic acid, H two, C 204 and a sodium oxalate. NHC 204 Solution work most effectively the acid association constant of oxalic acid is 6.0 times 10 to the negative, too. So when I say acid association constant, I'm just saying, K, now we're talking about the ph Range or, in this case, the buffer range, because here we have a weak acid and its conjugate base. Now you need to realize that buffers can't work at any pH. There is a range to their effectiveness, and you're just gonna simply say that a buffer works best when pH equals P K plus or minus one. That is the range of a buffer, plus or minus one. The P. K that is called our buffer range. So we're gonna do here is we're gonna say p k equals negative log of K A so equals negative log of 6.0 times 10 to the negative, too. And that is 1.22 So you're Ph is plus or minus that number, so you're gonna say 1.2 to minus one is 10.22 1.22 plus one is 2.22 So the range would be 0.22 to 2. This would be our buffer range. Within this range, this buffer is most effective. Okay, so the pH would have to be between 0.22 or 2.22 If it's anywhere outside that range, then this buffer will not be able to work. So that means a would be our answer. So just remember, a buffer works effectively within a buffer range, which is a simply p k plus or minus one. That's the pH range it'll work in. Now that we've attempted these two questions, guys, I want you to attempt to do the practice question I left on the bottom again. It involves. Are you able to manipulate the Henderson Hasselbach equation? And again, if you get stuck, don't worry about it. Just come back, take a look at look at my video to see how best I approach and explain the best way to get the answer. Good luck, guys.

Hey, guys, In this new video, we're gonna take a look and see what's the connection between an ideal buffer and Ph. So the question says which weak acid conjugate based combination would be ideal to form a buffer with a pH of 4.74 Now, when we use the word ideal Ah, buffer his idea when the weak acid is equal to the conjugate base and we know we're dealing with the buffer because we've been talking about it pH equals p K plus log of conjugate base over weak acid. Now, if both of those are equal to each other, then this simply becomes log of one. And if you plug log of one into your calculator, you'll get back zero. So basically all of this gets canceled out. So an ideal buffer pH equals p K. And we're gonna realize here is that PK a just simply means negative log of K. Now, if we wanna isolate RK by itself, we're gonna divide out the negative one here to get rid of this sign here. So negative pH equals log off k a toe. Isolate Jess K. We're gonna divide both sides by log. So K equals 10 to the negative pH. Now, this is the equation that you would use for a question like this. If they ever ask you which one of these buffers is best at this pH, you just simply say K equals 10 to the negative. PH. Your professors don't talk about this in lecture, and it's not really in a book. It's just us deriving this formula based on the relationships that we see so again, any time they ask you what's the best buffer at this particular pH? Simply use that equation Plug in the pH, which is 4.74 though on the buffer that gives us the closest to this answer is going to be our answer. So when we do this, it gives us 1.8 times 10 to the negative five. Here. These two are negative five. The one that's closer to that number is C acetic acid and sodium acetate. So again, anytime they ask you what's the best buffer at this pH. Just simply use that equation the K value get look to see which one matches up closest to it, and that will be your answer