Which of the following best describes what happens at the atomic scale when a mineral cleaves or fractures?

• A. Electrons are transferred between atoms, causing a change in oxidation state.
• B. The mineral undergoes a chemical reaction with water, leading to dissolution.
• C. The bonds between atoms are broken along planes of weakness, resulting in smooth surfaces.
• D. Atoms rearrange to form new chemical compounds.

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand that cleavage and fracture describe physical processes related to how a mineral breaks, not chemical changes.
2. Recall that at the atomic scale, minerals are held together by bonds between atoms arranged in a crystal lattice.
3. Recognize that cleavage occurs when bonds break along specific planes of weakness in the crystal structure, producing smooth surfaces.
4. Note that fracture refers to breaking that does not follow these planes, resulting in irregular surfaces.
5. Conclude that during cleavage or fracture, the bonds between atoms are physically broken without changing the atoms' oxidation states or forming new compounds.