10. Periodic Properties of the Elements

Periodic Trend: Successive Ionization Energies

Successive Ionisation Energies

At 50 °C, the ion-product constant for H2O has the value 
Kw = 5.48 * 10-14. (a) What is the pH of pure water at 
50 °C? (b) Based on the change in Kw with temperature, 
predict whether ΔH is positive, negative, or zero for the 
autoionization reaction of water: 
2 H2O1l2 Δ H3O+1aq2 + OH-1aq2

Like all equilibrium constants, the value of Kw depends on temperature. 
At body temperature (37 °C), Kw = 2.4 * 10-14. What 
are the [H3O+] and pH of pure water at body temperature?

Successive ionisation energy / A level Chemistry

(a) Which has the smaller fourth ionization energy, Sn or Sb?

Deuterium oxide 1D2O, where D is deuterium, the hydrogen-2 isotope) has an ion-product constant, Kw, of 8.9 * 10-16 at 20 °C. Calculate 3D+4 and 3OD-4 for pure (neutral) D2O at this temperature.

Of the following atoms, which has the largest third ionization energy?&nbsp;

After an element gains an a noble gas electron configuration, there will be a large jump in ionization energy to remove the next electron.&nbsp;

Which of the following represents the third ionization of Mn?

Periodic Trend: Successive Ionization Energies Example 1

12.1 Successive ionisation energies (HL)

Write the expression for the ion product constant for water, Kw.

(b) Which has the larger sixth ionization energy, Se or Br?

Water superheated under pressure to 200 °C and 750 atm has 
Kw = 1.5 * 10-11. What is 3H3O+ 4 and 3OH-4 at 200 °C? 
Is the water acidic, basic, or neutral?

Successive Ionization Energies

The successive ionization energies for a second-period element are given. What is the identity of the element? (LO 6.8)
Ea1 = 1402 kJ/mol 
Ea2 = 2856 kJ/mol 
Ea3 = 4578 kJ/mol 
Ea4 = 7475 kJ/mol 
Ea5 = 9445 kJ/mol 
Ea6 = 53,266 kJ/mol 
Ea7 = 64,630 kJ/mol
(a) Be
(b) C
(c) N 
(d) F

Explain the variation in the ionization energies of carbon, as
displayed in this graph:
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/161a1a706cef455e-1660841944374.jpg" alt="" />

Write a chemical equation that illustrates the autoionization 
of water.

At 0 °C, the density of liquid water is 0.9998 g/mL and the 
value of Kw is 1.14 * 10-15. What fraction of the molecules 
in liquid water are dissociated at 0 °C? What is the percent dissociation 
at 0 °C? What is the pH of a neutral solution at 0 °C?

Which of the following processes requires the largest input of energy? (LO 6.5) 
(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
(d)

Successive Ionization Energy

Which element has the highest second ionization energy: Li,
K, or Be?

For each element, predict where the “jump” occurs for successive
ionization energies. (For example, does the jump occur between
the first and second ionization energies, the second and third, or
the third and fourth?)
a. Be 
b. N 
c. O 
d. Li

Periodic Trend: Successive Ionization Energies Example 2

Three atoms have the following electron configurations: (a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 (b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 (c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 
Which of the three has the largest Ei2? Which has the smallest Ei7?

A Level Chemistry Revision "Successive Ionisation Energies"

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Periodic Trend: Cumulative

Periodic Trends are patterns present in the periodic table based on an element's size and electron distribution.&nbsp;

Periodic Trend: Ionic Radius

Ionic Radius is the distance between an ion's nucleus and its most outer occupied electron shell.&nbsp;

The Electron Configuration

The electron configuration of an element is the distribution of its electrons within atomic orbitals.&nbsp;

The Electron Configuration: Ions

The Electron Configuration of Ions involves either adding or removing electrons from a given orbital of an element.

Successive Ionization Energies deals with the removal of multiple electrons from a gaseous atom or ion through multiple steps.

Periodic Trend: Atomic Radius

The atomic radius of an element is the distance from its nucleus to its outer electron shell.

Valence Electrons of Elements

The Valence Electrons represent the outer shell electrons of an element or ion.&nbsp;

Periodic Trend: Effective Nuclear Charge

Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff) measures the force exerted onto an electron by the nucleus.&nbsp;

Periodic Trend: Ionization Energy

Ionization Energy is the energy absorbed&nbsp;in order to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.&nbsp;

Periodic Trend: Metallic Character

Metallic Character&nbsp;deals with how easily an electron can be removed from an element.&nbsp;

Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism

Paramagnetism&nbsp;and&nbsp;Diamagnetism deal with the presence of electrons that are either unpaired or paired in an orbital.

Periodic Trend: Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity is the energy released from the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom or ion.&nbsp;

The Electron Configuration: Quantum Numbers

The Quantum Numbers ultimately can be used to determine the precise location of an electron.&nbsp;

Periodic Trend: Electronegativity

Electronegativity is an element's ability to attract electrons.

The Electron Configurations: Exceptions

Most Electron Configuration Exceptions are the result of elements drive to obtain half filled or totally filled d orbitals.&nbsp;

The Electron Configuration: Condensed

Condensed Electron Configurations are a faster method in determining the configuration of elements and ions.&nbsp;

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