6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions

Solubility Rules

Solubility Rules and Predicting Reactions

Using solubility guidelines, predict whether each of the
following compounds is soluble or insoluble in water:
(a) Hg2SO4

Molecular equations contain only complete neutral formulas.

Correct, complete ionic equations contain all species in the reaction.

Spectator ions do not appear in the net ionic equation.

both molecular and complete ionic equations

 Spectator ions are ions that do not undergo a net change during the reaction. 

In which of the following types of chemical equations will the spectator ions be included?

Specify what ions are present upon dissolving each of 
the following substances in water: (b) Ba(OH)2

Specify what ions are present upon dissolving each of 
the following substances in water: (d) CuSO4.

Solubility Rules and Precipitation Reactions

Determine whether each compound is soluble or insoluble. If
the compound is soluble, list the ions present in solution.
a. AgI
b. Cu3(PO4)2
c. CoCO3
d. K3PO4

Determine whether each compound is soluble or insoluble. If
the compound is soluble, list the ions present in solution.
a. AgNO3
b. Pb(C2H3O2)2
c. KNO3
d. (NH4)2S

Solubility Rules (Mnemonic Tricks)

Which of the following substances are likely to be soluble in water?
(a) ZnS 
(b) AU2(CO3)3 
(c) PbCl2
(d) Na2S

Solubility Rules:  Explanation & Practice

Ignoring protolysis reactions (i.e. proton transfer reaction), 
specify what ions are present in a solution upon dissolving 
each of the following substances in water: (c) Na2Cr2O7

Solubility Rules Example 2

Solubility Rules | Acids, Bases & Alkali's | Chemistry | FuseSchool

Acetone, CH3COCH3, is a nonelectrolyte; hypochlorous acid, HClO, is a weak electrolyte; and ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, is a strong electrolyte. (a) What are the solutes present in aqueous solutions of each compound?

Specify what ions are present upon dissolving each of 
the following substances in water: (a) HIO3

Which of the following schematic drawings best describes a
solution of Li2SO4 in water (water molecules not shown for
simplicity)?
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/8546cd4da1b88455-1660733872659.jpg" alt="" />

According to the solubility rules, all compounds containing Na+ are soluble.

Mg3[PO4]2

Correct, many compounds containing phosphate are insoluble.

According to the solubility rules, most compounds containing Cl- are soluble.

According to the solubility rules, many compounds containing phosphate are insoluble.

 Use the solubility rules as a guide to determining which products are soluble and which are insoluble. 

Hard water often contains dissolved [Mg]2+ ions. Some laundry detergents contain sodium phosphate to soften hard water and to control acidity, thus making the detergent more effective. What solid product forms when aqueous solutions of sodium phosphate and magnesium chloride are combined?

[Ca]2+ (aq) + [CO3]2&#8211; (aq) &#8594; CaCO3 (s)

Correct, the precipitate, calcium carbonate, forms.

2[Li]+ (aq) + [CO3]2&#8211; (aq) &#8594; Li2CO3 (s)

2 [Li]+ (aq) + 2 [Cl]&#8211; (aq) &#8594; 2 LiCl (aq)

[Li]+ (aq) + [Cl]&#8211; (aq) &#8594; LiCl (aq)

Li2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) &#8594; 2 LiCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s)

CaCO3 does form a precipitate but LiCl is soluble.

 Use the solubility rules to determine the solubility of the reactants and possible products. 

What is the net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous solutions of Li2CO3 and CaCl2?

Based on your understanding of the solubility rules, which of the following ionic compounds will be insoluble?&nbsp;

Check you calculation of the reaction quotient.

Check the solubility rules for the solubility of potassium compounds.

Both calcium sulfate and potassium nitrate precipitate.

Correct, Q &#60; Ksp.

Compare Q to the Ksp.

A solution containing calcium nitrate is mixed with one containing potassium sulfate to form a solution that is 0.0100 M inCa(NO3)2 and 0.00250 M in K2SO4. Which of the following accurately describes what occurs when the new solution forms?

Solubility Rules Example 1

PbSO4 and Pb3(PO4)2

(NH4)2SO4 and AgI

Which pair of compounds is insoluble in water?

Specify what ions are present upon dissolving each of 
the following substances in water: (c) HCN

Predict whether each of the following compounds is soluble 
in water: (d) Pb31PO422

Which of the following substances are likely to be soluble in water?
(a) PbSO4
(b) Ba(NO3)2 
(c) SnCO3
(d) (NH4)3PO4

Solutions Example 3

Solubility Rules and How to Use a Solubility Table

The Ogallala aquifer described in the Closer Look box in Section 18.3, provides 82% of the drinking water for the people who live in the region, although more than 75% of the water that is pumped from it is for irrigation. Irrigation withdrawals are approximately 18 billion gallons per day. (b) What process or processes accounts for the presence of arsenic in well water?

Ignoring protolysis reactions (i.e. proton transfer reaction),
specify what ions are present in a solution upon dissolving
each of the following substances in water: (a)Li2CO3

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1. Intro to General Chemistry

2. Atoms & Elements

3. Chemical Reactions

4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions

7. Gases

8. Thermochemistry

9. Quantum Mechanics

10. Periodic Properties of the Elements

11. Bonding & Molecular Structure

12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory

13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces

14. Solutions

15. Chemical Kinetics

16. Chemical Equilibrium

17. Acid and Base Equilibrium

18. Aqueous Equilibrium

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

20. Electrochemistry

21. Nuclear Chemistry

22. Organic Chemistry

23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals

24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds

[BOOK CHEM] Clutch Version

Solutions

Solutions represent homogeneous mixtures made of 2 or more components that form a uniform composition.&nbsp;

Osmolarity

Osmolarity (ionic molarity) represents the number of moles of ions per liter of solution.&nbsp;

Gas Evolution Equations

A Gas Evolution Equation is a molecular equation that involves the creation of specific gases.&nbsp;

Molecular Equations

Molecular Equations show reacting molecules involved in a chemical reaction.&nbsp;

Complete Ionic Equations

Complete Ionic Equations show aqueous compounds as fully dissociated ions.&nbsp;

The Solubility Rules are a convenient set of guidelines to help us determine if a compound will be soluble or insoluble.

Molarity

Ever wonder how a mass amount such as moles can be converted into the volume amount of liters? Well, molarity serves as the bridge between moles and liters.&nbsp;

Electrolytes

Electrolytes are compounds that can conduct electricity once they are dissolved in a solvent.&nbsp;

Solution Stoichiometry

Solution Stoichiometry deals with stoichiometric calculations in solutions that involve volume and molarity.

Calculate Oxidation Numbers

Calculating Oxidation Numbers is the first pivotal step in understanding redox reactions.&nbsp;

Dilutions

In Dilutions, a solvent (usually water) is added to a concentrated solution.&nbsp;

Redox Reactions

Redox Reactions (oxidation-reduction reactions) involve transference of an electron(s) between reactants.

Activity Series

Activity Series is a list of single displacement reactions in order of reactivity.

Balancing Redox Reactions: Acidic Solutions

Balancing Redox Reactions requires a new approach that accounts for the transfer of electrons between reactants.

Balancing Redox Reactions: Basic Solutions

Balancing Basic Redox Reactions requires all the same steps as balancing in an acidic solution plus an additional step.