Table of contents

1. Intro to General Chemistry3h 46m
2. Atoms & Elements4h 16m
3. Chemical Reactions4h 10m
4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions48m
6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions3h 51m
7. Gases3h 52m
8. Thermochemistry2h 38m
9. Quantum Mechanics2h 58m
10. Periodic Properties of the Elements3h 10m
11. Bonding & Molecular Structure3h 29m
12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory1h 57m
13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces2h 23m
14. Solutions3h 1m
15. Chemical Kinetics2h 53m
16. Chemical Equilibrium2h 29m
17. Acid and Base Equilibrium5h 1m
18. Aqueous Equilibrium4h 47m
19. Chemical Thermodynamics1h 50m
20. Electrochemistry2h 42m
21. Nuclear Chemistry2h 34m
22. Organic Chemistry5h 7m
23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals2h 39m
24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds3h 16m

13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces

Atomic, Ionic, and Molecular Solids

General Chemistry

13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces

Atomic, Ionic, and Molecular Solids

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Crystalline vs Amorphous Solids

Jules Bruno

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Now the most fundamental distinction between solids is that they can be classified as either crystalline or amorphous solids. Now, when we say crystalline solid, we're going to say here that's atoms, ions, or molecules that have highly ordered arrangements throughout. And amorphous solids are particles that are randomly arranged throughout with no discernible pattern. Now when we say crystalline solids, we we're referring to as ionic solids, molecular solids, covalent network solids and metals. Now here we're going to say for ionic solids, the smallest unit is the ionic part, and And that's because its electrostatic forces is the attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion. Remember, we know the definition of ionic compounds is a cation connected to an anion. That cation could be a metal or ammonium ion. That anion is just some non metals. Now, we can say here also their properties is that ionic solids tend to be brittle and yet hard. And we're gonna say here that they have high melting points. A good example is if we're looking at solid sodium chloride for our ionic compound, molecular solids. Now molecular solids, their smallest unit is the molecule. Their electrostatic force are the intermolecular forces. We're gonna say here that they have soft textures to them, we're going to say they have low to moderate melting points. Good example of a molecular solid a molecular solid that we can think of, we could think of ice, which is just h two o solid. Covalent network. Now some of you may not know what this is. Covalent networks, their smallest unit is the atoms. They are covalent bonds for their electrostatic force. Now if you wanna understand the hardest materials in nature, you're referring to the covalent network solids. They have very hard textures and they have very high melting points, even higher than our ionic solids. A great example, one of the hardest natural substances in nature, diamonds. So remember, diamonds are just a form of carbon. So carbon, diamond. But that's not the only form that carbon can take within nature. It could also take carbon graphite as well. Now metals. Metals of course are composed of metal atoms. We're gonna say here that we're dealing with metallic bonds, and that's just the pulling of electrons on the surface of your metal. We're gonna say they can be lustrous, which means that they are shiny. They can be from soft textures with sodium to hard textures to like titanium. We're gonna say they also have high melting points. So here, an example is the ones we gave, sodium or titanium. Finally, we have our amorphous solids which is different from all these other crystalline solids. Here they are composed of atoms, ions, molecules or what we refer to as polymers. When we say polymers, we're talking about different forms of plastics. Because they don't have a discernible pattern, they kind of resemble some of the crystalline solids we mentioned up above. So that means their electrostatic force could be any of the ones mentioned above. Because of their weird nature and composition, they tend to not have a distinct melting point. And what's really weird about them is that they're solids, but they're able to flow. So that's not a normal thing. The ability to flow is usually reserved for for liquids and gases, not solids. Now a great example here you could say is glass or tar. So tar, the material that we use on roads. So that's an example of an amorphous solid. And if you can understand what tar looks like, black sticky stuff, it's able to flow. Alright. So these are the different types of crystalline solids and and how they're different from an amorphous solid.

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