Periodic Table: Representative Elements & Transition Metals: Videos & Practice Problems

The periodic table organizes elements into periods (rows) and groups (columns), with elements in groups 3 to 12 known as transition metals. Transition metals, which include elements like manganese (Mn), are characterized by their variable oxidation states, meaning they can exhibit multiple positive charges. These metals are also referred to as Group B elements, with a unique numbering system where groups 8, 9, and 10 collectively form Group 8B, and groups 11 and 12 are labeled as 1B and 2B, respectively. In contrast, the representative elements, which are not part of groups 3 to 12, are found in groups 1, 2, and 13 to 18. These are sometimes called Group A elements or main group elements. Additionally, inner transition metals are a subset of transition metals located in separate rows between Lanthanum (La) and Hafnium (Hf), and Actinium (Ac) and Rutherfordium (Rf), highlighting the complexity and specific classifications within the periodic table.

Transition Metals and Representative Elements

The periodic table organizes elements into rows, known as periods, and columns, referred to as groups. Within these groups, elements can be classified as either transition metals or representative elements. Transition metals are located in groups 3 to 12 and are characterized by their ability to exhibit varying positive charges, which can range from +1 to +7 depending on the element they bond with. For instance, manganese (Mn) is a transition metal that can have multiple oxidation states.

Additionally, there are inner transition metals, which are found in the two rows separated from the main body of the periodic table, specifically between lanthanum (La) and hafnium (Hf), and between actinium (Ac) and rutherfordium (Rf). These elements are still classified as transition metals but are distinguished due to their unique placement.

Transition metals are also referred to as group B elements. This classification allows for further labeling of these groups: group 3 can be labeled as 3B, group 4 as 4B, and so forth. Notably, groups 8, 9, and 10 are collectively referred to as 8B, while group 11 is designated as 1B and group 12 as 2B. Understanding this classification is essential, even if the reasoning behind the naming conventions is complex.

On the other hand, representative elements encompass all elements not found in groups 3 to 12, specifically those in groups 1, 2, and 13 to 18. These elements are sometimes called group A or main group elements. For example, group 1 is labeled as 1A, group 2 as 2A, and this continues up to group 8A. Recognizing these classifications helps in understanding the properties and behaviors of different elements within the periodic table.

In summary, the periodic table can be further dissected into transition metals (group B elements) and representative elements (group A or main group elements), each with distinct characteristics and classifications that aid in the study of chemistry.

Transition Metal Example

In the periodic table, transition metals are found in the d-block and are characterized by their ability to form variable oxidation states and complex ions. When identifying a transition metal in the 5th period that shares similar chemical properties with copper (Cu), it is essential to focus on the elements located in the same group as copper, which is in group 11. The 5th period corresponds to the fifth row of the periodic table.

To find the correct element, we look for a transition metal shaded in red, indicating its classification. Copper (Cu) is located in the 4th period, and its group includes silver (Ag) in the 5th period. Since elements in the same group exhibit similar chemical properties due to their similar electron configurations, silver (Ag) is the appropriate choice. Therefore, the correct answer is option C, silver (Ag).

In summary, when analyzing the periodic table, remember that transition metals are found in the d-block, periods refer to the rows, and elements in the same group share similar chemical properties. This understanding is crucial for solving questions related to the periodic table and the properties of elements.

Which of the following is a representative element, found in the 3rd Period, that is also a pnictogen.

• A. Na
• B. P
• C. Ar
• D. Mg
• E. S

Answer: (B)

State the element symbol found in the 6th Period and Group 7A.

• A. Rb
• B. W
• C. Br
• D. Kr
• E. At

Answer: (E)

Here’s what students ask on this topic:

What groups are representative elements?

Representative elements are those found in groups 1, 2, and 13 to 18 of the periodic table. These elements, also known as the "main-group elements," include the s-block and p-block elements, excluding the transition metals (which are found in groups 3 to 12) and the inner transition metals (which include the lanthanides and actinides). The representative elements encompass a wide range of chemical properties, as they include metals, metalloids, and nonmetals.

The elements in group 1 are known as the alkali metals, group 2 elements are the alkaline earth metals, and groups 13 to 18 include elements with diverse properties and are often referred to by their group names, such as the carbon group (group 14) or the halogens (group 17). These elements are characterized by their tendency to have their outermost s and p orbital electrons involved in chemical bonding, which significantly influences their reactivity and the types of compounds they form.

What are transition metals?

Transition metals are elements that occupy the d-block of the periodic table, which includes groups 3 to 12. They are characterized by their ability to form stable ions with different charges, exhibit variable oxidation states, and often produce colored compounds. These metals have partially filled d-orbitals, which allow them to bond with other elements in multiple ways, leading to complex chemistry and catalytic behaviors.

Some common examples of transition metals include iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and gold (Au). They play crucial roles in various industrial processes, from the construction of high-strength materials to the facilitation of chemical reactions as catalysts. In biological systems, transition metals like iron in hemoglobin and copper in various enzymes are essential for life. Their unique electronic configurations enable them to engage in electron transfer, which is fundamental to many biochemical processes.

Where are the transition metals located on the periodic table?

Transition metals are located in the central block of the periodic table, specifically in groups 3 through 12. They occupy the d-block, which means that the electrons that are being added to the atoms in these groups fill the d-orbital. These elements are characterized by their ability to form multiple oxidation states and by having one or more of their d-orbitals partially filled with electrons. This is what gives transition metals their unique properties, such as the ability to form colorful compounds, exhibit various magnetic properties, and act as catalysts in chemical reactions. The most familiar transition metals include iron, copper, nickel, silver, and gold. They are widely used in various industries and are essential components of many biological processes.

What are representative elements?

Representative elements are the elements found in groups 1, 2, and 13 to 18 of the periodic table. These elements are also known as the "main-group elements." They include the metals, metalloids, and nonmetals, excluding the transition metals (groups 3 to 12) and inner transition metals (lanthanides and actinides, which are placed below the main body of the periodic table). The representative elements display a wide range of physical and chemical properties and are characterized by having their outermost electron shells (valence shells) being filled in a systematic manner according to their group number. For example, elements in group 1 have one valence electron, while those in group 17 have seven valence electrons. This valence electron configuration plays a significant role in determining the chemical reactivity and bonding behavior of these elements.

Where are the representative elements located on the periodic table?

The representative elements are located in the main body of the periodic table and encompass the elements within groups 1, 2, and 13 to 18. These groups correspond to the s-block and p-block elements, excluding the transition metals (d-block) and the inner transition metals (f-block, which consist of the lanthanides and actinides). The representative elements are also known as the main-group elements and include metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. They are characterized by their wide range of physical and chemical properties, and their valence electrons are in the outermost s or p orbitals. This is significant because the number of valence electrons determines an element's chemical behavior and reactivity. For example, group 1 elements (alkali metals) have one valence electron, while group 18 elements (noble gases) have eight valence electrons (except for helium, which has two).