11. Bonding & Molecular Structure

Coulomb's Law

Coulomb’s Law in Chemistry

A force of 3.24 x 10-12 N exists between a +3 charge and another charged particle. The ions are 2.53 x 10-8 m apart. What is the charge of the unknown charged particle? &nbsp;(Rework numbers since you went from +15 to +3)

A sodium ion, Na+, with a charge of 1.6 * 10-19 C and a chloride
ion, Cl - , with charge of -1.6 * 10-19 C, are separated by
a distance of 0.50 nm. How much work would be required to
increase the separation of the two ions to an infinite distance?

Consider a system consisting of two oppositely charged
spheres hanging by strings and separated by a distance r1,
as shown in the accompanying illustration. Suppose they
are separated to a larger distance r2, by moving them apart.
(a) What change, if any, has occurred in the potential energy
of the system?

Electrostatic potential maps of acetaldehyde (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), ethanol (C2H6O), and fluorethane (C2H5F) are shown. Which do you think is which?
(a) <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/686ac7810715ffc1-1671715520610.jpg" alt="" />
(b) <img src="" alt="" />
(c) <img src="" alt="" />
(d) <img src="" alt="" />

(c) Does the potential energy of the two particles increase 
or decrease when the distance is increased to 1.0 nm?

Coulomb's law

A magnesium ion, Mg2+, with a charge of 3.2 * 10-19 C and an
oxide ion, O2-, with a charge of -3.2 * 10-19 C, are separated
by a distance of 0.35 nm. How much work would be required to
increase the separation of the two ions to an infinite distance?

According to Coulomb’s law, rank the interactions between 
charged particles from lowest potential energy to highest 
potential 
energy. 
a. a 1+ charge and a 1- charge separated by 100 pm 
b. a 2+ charge and a 1- charge separated by 100 pm 
c. a 1+ charge and a 1+ charge separated by 100 pm 
d. a 1+ charge and a 1- charge separated by 200 pm

Coulomb's Law Concept 1

Coulomb's Law (1 of 7) An Explanation

Coulomb's Law - Net Electric Force & Point Charges

Two positively charged spheres, each with a charge of 2.0 *
10-5 C, a mass of 1.0 kg, and separated by a distance of
1.0 cm, are held in place on a frictionless track. (a) What
is the electrostatic potential energy of this system?

The first ionization energy of sodium is 496 kJ>mol. Use Coulomb’s 
law to estimate the average distance between the sodium 
nucleus and the 3s electron. How does this distance compare to 
the atomic radius of sodium? Explain the difference.

(b) What is the change in potential energy if the distance
separating the two electrons is increased to 1.0 nm?

Use Coulomb’s law to calculate the ionization energy in kJ>mol 
of an atom composed of a proton and an electron separated by 
100.00 pm. What wavelength of light has sufficient energy to 
ionize the atom?

(a) The electrostatic force (not energy) of attraction between
two oppositely charged objects is given by the equation
F = k1Q1Q2>d22where k = 8.99 * 109 N@m2>C2 , Q1 and
Q2 are the charges of the two objects in Coulombs, and d is
the distance separating the two objects in meters. What is
the electrostatic force of attraction (in Newtons) between
an electron and a proton that are separated by 0.23 nm?

(a) What is the electrostatic potential energy (in joules) 
between two electrons that are separated by 460 pm?

Coulomb's Law Concept 2

According to Coulomb’s law, which pair of charged particles 
has the lowest potential energy? 
a. a particle with a 1- charge separated by 150 pm from a 
particle 
with a 2+ charge 
b. a particle with a 1- charge separated by 150 pm from a 
particle 
with a 1+ charge 
c. a particle with a 1- charge separated by 100 pm from a 
particle 
with a 3+ charge

Coulomb's Law (with example)

Coulomb's Law Example

List the following gas-phase ion pairs in order of the quantity of
energy released when they form from separated gas-phase ions.
List the pair that releases the least energy first. Na+ F - , Mg2 + F - ,
Na+O2 - , Mg2 +O2 - , Al3 +O2 - .

Two electrostatic potential maps are shown, one of methyl-lithium (CH3Li) and the other of chloromethane (CH3Cl). Based on their polarity patterns, which do you think is which? 
(a) <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/482aeb99f496bfc8-1671716530025.jpg" alt="" />
(b) <img src="" alt="" />

The following diagram shows the potential energy of two atoms as a function of internuclear distance. Match the descriptions with the indicated letter on the plot.
(a) Repulsive forces are high between the two atoms. 
(b) The two atoms neither exert attractive nor repulsive forces on one another.
(c) The attractive forces between atoms are maximized, resulting in the lowest energy state.
(d) Attractive forces between atoms are present but are not at maximum strength.
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/39a1c1530d200fa1-1670268337916.jpg" alt="" />

Learn the toughest concepts covered in Chemistry with step-by-step video tutorials and practice problems by world-class tutors

Jules

General Chemistry

https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/courses/general-chemistry/thumbnails/general-chemistry

#FFFFFF

The Organic Chemistry Tutor

MrsPortwoodsClass

Up and Atom

Zach Wissner-Gross

Bozeman Science

Step by Step Science

Jules Bruno

1. Intro to General Chemistry

2. Atoms & Elements

3. Chemical Reactions

4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions

6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions

7. Gases

8. Thermochemistry

9. Quantum Mechanics

10. Periodic Properties of the Elements

12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory

13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces

14. Solutions

15. Chemical Kinetics

16. Chemical Equilibrium

17. Acid and Base Equilibrium

18. Aqueous Equilibrium

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

20. Electrochemistry

21. Nuclear Chemistry

22. Organic Chemistry

23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals

24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds

[BOOK CHEM] Clutch Version

Lewis Dot Structures: Neutral Compounds

Lewis Dot Structures or Electron Dot Structures&nbsp;are diagrams that show how elements in a molecule use their valence electrons to form bonds.&nbsp;

Average Bond Order

Average Bond Order represents the average number of chemical bonds between a pair of bond elements.

Lewis Dot Structures: Ions

Lewis Dot Structures of Ions involves losing or gaining valence electrons to draw the most likely structure.&nbsp;

Octet Rule

The&nbsp;Octet Rule states that main-group elements will generally form enough bonds to obtain 8 electrons in their valence shell.&nbsp;

Lewis Dot Symbols

Lewis Dot Symbols represent the outer shell electrons of an element.&nbsp;

Lewis Dot Structures: Sigma & Pi Bonds

Sigma Bonds directly connect element together, while Pi Bonds provide insulation and protection for those bonds.&nbsp;

Lewis Dot Structures: Exceptions

Lewis Dot Structure Exceptions&nbsp;happen when the central element violates the Octet Rule.

Born Haber Cycle

In the Born-Haber Cycle, ionic solids are created through the ionization and eventual combination of elements.&nbsp;

Coulomb's Law is used to determine the forces experienced by charged particles.&nbsp;

Chemical Bonds

A chemical bond is the connection&nbsp;of different elements through the sharing, transferring or pooling of electrons.&nbsp;

Resonance Structures

Resonance Structures are used to represent the different possible bonding arrangements of a molecule.

Lewis Dot Structures: Acids

Drawing the Lewis Dot Structure of Acids&nbsp;involves first drawing the polyatomic anion and then attaching the H+ ion.&nbsp;

Formal Charge

Formal Charge is the charge given to an element within a molecule when assuming equal sharing of electrons between bonded elements.&nbsp;

Bond Energy

Bond Energy is the amount of energy stored within a chemical bond.

Lattice Energy

Lattice Energy&nbsp;is the estimate for the strength of ionic bonds.&nbsp;

Dipole Moment

Dipole arrows are used anytime a molecule possesses a dipole moment, which happens when a molecule is polar.&nbsp;

Study the key concepts of Physics with descriptive videos, questions, and more

Physics

Patrick

General Biology

Jason

Financial Accounting

Brian

Dive deep into Psychology with videos, practice problems, and more.

Psychology

Microeconomics

The first in a two-course sequence introduces the basic structure and functions of the human body

Anatomy & Physiology

College Algebra covers algebraic topics and skills necessary to succeed in college-level math

College Algebra

Organic Chemistry

Johnny

Genetics

Kylia

GOB Chemistry

Microbiology

Cell Biology

Analytical Chemistry

Study topics incliding trogonometric functions, identities and equations, solutions of triangles, complex numbers, and other topics as time permits

Trigonometry

Learn the toughest concepts covered in Precalculus with step-by-step video tutorials and practice problems by world-class tutors

Precalculus

Biochemistry

Macroeconomics

Chemistry

Biology

Math

Business

Social Sciences

Michelle Barry Franco

Building Great Presentations

Eric Zackrison, PhD

Critical Thinking And Problem Solving

Sam Bennett

Embracing Times Of Uncertainty

Nicole Tetreault, PhD

Emotional Intelligence Basics

Eugene Choi, PharmD

Enhancing Your Critical Thinking Skills

Jason Richardson, PsyD

Habits To Win Every Day

Alyssa Lowery, PhD

Having Powerful Advanced Conversations

Don Gilman, EdD

How To Influence & Persuade

Amy Matthews

Leadership Skills For Rising Stars

Listening To Lead

Michael Shermer, PhD

Making Decisions Under Uncertainty

Lynne Hurdle

Mistakes To Avoid When Resolving Conflict

Michael Veltri

Overcoming Decision Making Traps

Mike Vardy

Prioritizing Effectively

Secrets Of Effective Prioritization

Strategies To Build Up Your Creativity

Tools For Decision Making

Tutti Taygerly

Unleash And Advance Your Creativity

Winning Collaboration: How To Work More Effectively With Different Personalities

Writing Emails People Want To Read

Critical Thinking

Self Management

Digital Literacy

Collaboration

Communication

Analytical Thinking

Leadership

Flexibility/Adaptability

Innovation

Eric Zackrison

Nicole Tetreault

Dive deep into Python with videos and more.

Introduction to Python

Arianne Dee

Agile Project and Product Management

Agile & Product Management

Mariya Breyther 

Introduction to Microsoft Power BI

Microsoft Power BI

Chris Sorensen

Data Analysis Fundamentals with Excel

Data Analysis - Excel

Chris Sorensen & Ammul Shergill

Getting Started with  and Cryptocurrency

Introduction to Blockchain

George Levy

Learn Enough HTML, CSS and Layout to be Dangerous

HTML, CSS & Layout

Lee Donahoe & Michael Hartl

Learn Enough JavaScript to be Dangerous: A Tutorial Introduction to Programming with JavaScript