11. Bonding & Molecular Structure

Coulomb's Law

Coulomb's Law (1 of 7) An Explanation

A force of 3.24 x 10-12 N exists between a +3 charge and another charged particle. The ions are 2.53 x 10-8 m apart. What is the charge of the unknown charged particle? &nbsp;(Rework numbers since you went from +15 to +3)

A sodium ion, Na+, with a charge of 1.6 * 10-19 C and a chloride
ion, Cl - , with charge of -1.6 * 10-19 C, are separated by
a distance of 0.50 nm. How much work would be required to
increase the separation of the two ions to an infinite distance?

Consider a system consisting of two oppositely charged
spheres hanging by strings and separated by a distance r1,
as shown in the accompanying illustration. Suppose they
are separated to a larger distance r2, by moving them apart.
(a) What change, if any, has occurred in the potential energy
of the system?

Electrostatic potential maps of acetaldehyde (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), ethanol (C2H6O), and fluorethane (C2H5F) are shown. Which do you think is which?
(a) <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/686ac7810715ffc1-1671715520610.jpg" alt="" />
(b) <img src="" alt="" />
(c) <img src="" alt="" />
(d) <img src="" alt="" />

Coulomb’s Law in Chemistry

(c) Does the potential energy of the two particles increase 
or decrease when the distance is increased to 1.0 nm?

Coulomb's law

A magnesium ion, Mg2+, with a charge of 3.2 * 10-19 C and an
oxide ion, O2-, with a charge of -3.2 * 10-19 C, are separated
by a distance of 0.35 nm. How much work would be required to
increase the separation of the two ions to an infinite distance?

According to Coulomb’s law, rank the interactions between 
charged particles from lowest potential energy to highest 
potential 
energy. 
a. a 1+ charge and a 1- charge separated by 100 pm 
b. a 2+ charge and a 1- charge separated by 100 pm 
c. a 1+ charge and a 1+ charge separated by 100 pm 
d. a 1+ charge and a 1- charge separated by 200 pm

Coulomb's Law Concept 1

Coulomb's Law - Net Electric Force & Point Charges

Two positively charged spheres, each with a charge of 2.0 *
10-5 C, a mass of 1.0 kg, and separated by a distance of
1.0 cm, are held in place on a frictionless track. (a) What
is the electrostatic potential energy of this system?

The first ionization energy of sodium is 496 kJ>mol. Use Coulomb’s 
law to estimate the average distance between the sodium 
nucleus and the 3s electron. How does this distance compare to 
the atomic radius of sodium? Explain the difference.

(b) What is the change in potential energy if the distance
separating the two electrons is increased to 1.0 nm?

Use Coulomb’s law to calculate the ionization energy in kJ>mol 
of an atom composed of a proton and an electron separated by 
100.00 pm. What wavelength of light has sufficient energy to 
ionize the atom?

(a) The electrostatic force (not energy) of attraction between
two oppositely charged objects is given by the equation
F = k1Q1Q2>d22where k = 8.99 * 109 N@m2>C2 , Q1 and
Q2 are the charges of the two objects in Coulombs, and d is
the distance separating the two objects in meters. What is
the electrostatic force of attraction (in Newtons) between
an electron and a proton that are separated by 0.23 nm?

(a) What is the electrostatic potential energy (in joules) 
between two electrons that are separated by 460 pm?

Coulomb's Law Concept 2

According to Coulomb’s law, which pair of charged particles 
has the lowest potential energy? 
a. a particle with a 1- charge separated by 150 pm from a 
particle 
with a 2+ charge 
b. a particle with a 1- charge separated by 150 pm from a 
particle 
with a 1+ charge 
c. a particle with a 1- charge separated by 100 pm from a 
particle 
with a 3+ charge

Coulomb's Law (with example)

Coulomb's Law Example

List the following gas-phase ion pairs in order of the quantity of
energy released when they form from separated gas-phase ions.
List the pair that releases the least energy first. Na+ F - , Mg2 + F - ,
Na+O2 - , Mg2 +O2 - , Al3 +O2 - .

Two electrostatic potential maps are shown, one of methyl-lithium (CH3Li) and the other of chloromethane (CH3Cl). Based on their polarity patterns, which do you think is which? 
(a) <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/482aeb99f496bfc8-1671716530025.jpg" alt="" />
(b) <img src="" alt="" />

The following diagram shows the potential energy of two atoms as a function of internuclear distance. Match the descriptions with the indicated letter on the plot.
(a) Repulsive forces are high between the two atoms. 
(b) The two atoms neither exert attractive nor repulsive forces on one another.
(c) The attractive forces between atoms are maximized, resulting in the lowest energy state.
(d) Attractive forces between atoms are present but are not at maximum strength.
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/39a1c1530d200fa1-1670268337916.jpg" alt="" />

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24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds

[BOOK CHEM] Clutch Version

Lewis Dot Structures: Neutral Compounds

Lewis Dot Structures or Electron Dot Structures&nbsp;are diagrams that show how elements in a molecule use their valence electrons to form bonds.&nbsp;

Average Bond Order

Average Bond Order represents the average number of chemical bonds between a pair of bond elements.

Lewis Dot Structures: Ions

Lewis Dot Structures of Ions involves losing or gaining valence electrons to draw the most likely structure.&nbsp;

Octet Rule

The&nbsp;Octet Rule states that main-group elements will generally form enough bonds to obtain 8 electrons in their valence shell.&nbsp;

Lewis Dot Symbols

Lewis Dot Symbols represent the outer shell electrons of an element.&nbsp;

Lewis Dot Structures: Sigma & Pi Bonds

Sigma Bonds directly connect element together, while Pi Bonds provide insulation and protection for those bonds.&nbsp;

Lewis Dot Structures: Exceptions

Lewis Dot Structure Exceptions&nbsp;happen when the central element violates the Octet Rule.

Born Haber Cycle

In the Born-Haber Cycle, ionic solids are created through the ionization and eventual combination of elements.&nbsp;

Coulomb's Law is used to determine the forces experienced by charged particles.&nbsp;

Chemical Bonds

A chemical bond is the connection&nbsp;of different elements through the sharing, transferring or pooling of electrons.&nbsp;

Resonance Structures

Resonance Structures are used to represent the different possible bonding arrangements of a molecule.

Lewis Dot Structures: Acids

Drawing the Lewis Dot Structure of Acids&nbsp;involves first drawing the polyatomic anion and then attaching the H+ ion.&nbsp;

Formal Charge

Formal Charge is the charge given to an element within a molecule when assuming equal sharing of electrons between bonded elements.&nbsp;

Bond Energy

Bond Energy is the amount of energy stored within a chemical bond.

Lattice Energy

Lattice Energy&nbsp;is the estimate for the strength of ionic bonds.&nbsp;

Dipole Moment

Dipole arrows are used anytime a molecule possesses a dipole moment, which happens when a molecule is polar.&nbsp;

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