13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces

Molecular Polarity

Polar Molecules Tutorial: How to determine polarity in a molecule

Perfect Shape I: When the central element has no lone pairs and has the same surrounding elements then usually the molecule is nonpolar.&nbsp;

1.5 Polarity

Which of the following compounds is/are nonpolar?I. COF2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; II. ICl2–&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; III. XeF4&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; IV. C8H18

Determine whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar.
a. SiCl4
b. CF2Cl2
c. SeF6
d. IF5

Determine if disulfur dichloride, S2Cl2, is polar or nonpolar.

Which of the following substances would you expect to have 
a nonzero dipole moment? Explain, and show the direction 
of each. 
(a) Cl2O 
(b) XeF4 
(c) Chloroethane, CH3CH2Cl 
(d) BF3

Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) IF, (b) CS2, (c) SO3, (d) PCl3, (e) SF6, (f) IF5.

Molecular Polarity Example 1

Determine if the compound of BCl2F is polar or nonpolar.

The molecules <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/f18577578c0782a7-1665678009954.jpg" alt="" /> have the same molecular formula (C3H8O) but different chemical structures. (b) Which molecule do you expect to have a larger dipole moment? [Sections 11.2 and 11.5]

Molecular Polarity Concept 1

Fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine, yet fluoromethane
1CH3F; m = 1.86 D2 has a smaller dipole moment
than chloromethane 1CH3Cl; m = 1.90 D2. Explain.

Which molecule has polar bonds but is nonpolar? (LO 8.6) 
(a) SF6 (b) SF2 
(c) F2 (d) NF3

Determine if phosphorus trihydride, PH3, is polar or nonpolar.

Fill in the blank spaces in the following chart. If the molecule
column is blank, find an example that fulfills the conditions
of the rest of the row.
Molecule Electron-Domain Hybridization Dipole
Geometry of Central Atom Moment? Yes or No
CO2 
sp3 Yes
sp3 No
Trigonal planar No
SF4 Octahedral No
sp2 Yes
Trigonal bipyramidal No
XeF2

Complete the first row of the table.

Of the two compounds SiF4 and SF4, which is polar and 
which is nonpolar?

Draw the structure of a molecule with the formula C4H6Cl2 that
has a dipole moment of 0.

Ethyl acetate, CH3CO2CH2CH3, is commonly used as a solvent 
and nail-polish remover. Look at the following electrostatic 
potential map of ethyl acetate, and explain the observed 
polarity.
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/741ee9ffbdff8383-1671723043313.jpg" alt="" />

Determine whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar. 
b. SCl4

Most vitamins can be classified as either fat soluble, which results in their tendency to accumulate in
the body (so that taking too much can be harmful), or water soluble, which results in their tendency to
be quickly eliminated from the body in urine. Examine the structural formulas and space-filling models
of these vitamins and determine whether each one is fat soluble (mostly nonpolar) or water soluble
(mostly polar).
(a) vitamin C <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/6dc53666036c0b49-1660246769068.jpg" alt="" />

Most vitamins can be classified as either fat soluble, which results in their tendency to accumulate in 
the body (so that taking too much can be harmful), or water soluble, which results in their tendency to 
be quickly eliminated from the body in urine. Examine the structural formulas and space-filling models 
of these vitamins and determine whether each one is fat soluble (mostly nonpolar) or water soluble 
(mostly polar). 
(c) niacin (vitamin B3) <img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/09df04d4a687ef16-1660246706309.jpg" alt="" />

Polar Bonds, Polarity and Intermolecular Forces

Both a molecule&#39;s shape and bond polarity can affect its overall polarity.&nbsp;

Draw three-dimensional structures of PCl3 and PCl5, and 
then explain why one of the molecules has a dipole moment 
and one does not.

Molecular Polarity Concept 2

Determine whether each molecule in Exercise 58 is polar or
nonpolar.
a. CF4
b. NF3
c. OF2
d. H2S

The dipole moment of methanol is m = 1.70 D. Use arrows
to indicate the direction in which electrons are displaced.
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/39dfa55c69672199-1671175829953.jpg" alt="" />

(a) Consider the following two molecules: PCl3 and BCl3. 
Which molecule has a nonzero dipole moment?

Determine whether each molecule in Exercise 57 is polar or
nonpolar.
a. PF3
b. SBr2
c. CHCl3 
d. CS2

Dichloroethylene 1C2H2Cl22 has three forms (isomers), each 
of which is a different substance. (b) Which of these isomers has a zero dipole moment?

Perfect Shape II: When the central element has same surrounding elements and has a linear or square planar geometry.

Polar Bonds and Molecules

CH3F is a polar molecule, even though the tetrahedral geometry 
often leads to nonpolar molecules. Explain.

Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) CCl4, (b) NH3, (c) SF4, (d) XeF4, (e) CH3Br, (f) GaH3.

Determine whether each molecule is polar or nonpolar. 
c. BrCl5

Explain why CO2 and CCl4 are both nonpolar even though they 
contain polar bonds.

Dihydroxybenzene, C6H6O2, exists in three forms (isomers) 
called ortho, meta, and para: 
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/ff951b9a354658a7-1661357553840.jpg" alt="" /> 
Which of these has a nonzero dipole moment?

Just as individual bonds in a molecule are often polar, molecules
as a whole are also often polar because of the net
sum of individual bond polarities. There are three possible
structures for substances with the formula C2H2Cl2, two of
which are polar overall and one of which is not.
(b) Which of the three structures is nonpolar, and which
two are polar? Explain.

The molecule shown here is difluoromethane 1CH2F22, which is 
used as a refrigerant called R-32. (c) If 
the molecule is polar, which of the following describes the direction 
of the overall dipole moment vector in the molecule: 
(i) from the carbon atom toward a fluorine atom, (ii) from the 
carbon atom to a point midway between the fluorine atoms, 
(iii) from the carbon atom to a point midway between the hydrogen 
atoms, or (iv) from the carbon atom toward a hydrogen 
atom? 
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/927c8113276ed9f8-1661356704818.jpg" alt="" />

Molecular polarity | AP Chemistry | Khan Academy

Polar & Non-Polar Molecules: Crash Course Chemistry #23

Learn the toughest concepts covered in Chemistry with step-by-step video tutorials and practice problems by world-class tutors

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General Chemistry

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Chad's Prep

1. Intro to General Chemistry

2. Atoms & Elements

3. Chemical Reactions

4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions

6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions

7. Gases

8. Thermochemistry

9. Quantum Mechanics

10. Periodic Properties of the Elements

11. Bonding & Molecular Structure

12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory

14. Solutions

15. Chemical Kinetics

16. Chemical Equilibrium

17. Acid and Base Equilibrium

18. Aqueous Equilibrium

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

20. Electrochemistry

21. Nuclear Chemistry

22. Organic Chemistry

23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals

24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds

[BOOK CHEM] Clutch Version

Body Centered Cubic Unit Cell

Body Centered Cubic Unit Cell contains 2 atoms total.

Phase Diagrams

Phase&nbsp;Diagrams show&nbsp;what&nbsp;effect&nbsp;temperature and pressure have&nbsp;on a pure substance in a closed system without any air.

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

Intermolecular forces influence physical properties. &nbsp;We will look at direct and indirect relationships.

Face Centered Cubic Unit Cell

Face Centered Cubic Unit Cell contains 4 atoms in total.

Heating and Cooling Curves

Heating and Cooling Curves represent amount of heat (q) absorbed or released by a substance during phase changes.

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation establishes a quantitative relationship between vapor pressure and temperature.&nbsp;

Polarity of chemical bonds happen in molecules when there is an unequal sharing of electrons.&nbsp;

Intermolecular Forces

Intramolecular Forces are the bonding forces within a molecule. Intermolecular Forces are the attractive forces between 2 molecules.

Simple Cubic Unit Cell

Simple Cubic Unit Cell is the least complex&nbsp;cubic unit cell and contains only 1 atom.

Atomic, Ionic, and Molecular Solids

<div dir="auto"><div contenteditable="true"dir="auto"spellcheck="true">Crystalline solids represent structures with well-organized patterns and shapes. Amorphous solids represent structures that lack an organized pattern or shape.&nbsp;</div></div>

Crystalline Solids

Crystalline Solids are composed of unit cells, crystal lattice and lattice point.