10. Periodic Properties of the Elements

Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism

What are the Types of Magnets? | Don't Memorise

State where in the periodic table these elements appear: 
(a) elements with the valence-shell electron configuration 
ns2np5 
(b) elements that have three unpaired p electrons 
(c) an element whose valence electrons are 4s24p1 
(d) the d-block elements [Section 6.9]

Correct, the outermost electron configuration of this ion is 5s2.

 An atom or ion in which all electrons are paired is diamagnetic. 

 Which one of the following atoms or ions is diamagnetic? 

Understanding Paramagnetism & Diamagnetism

Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism Example 1

Write the condensed electron configuration for the copper (I) ion and is it magnetic?

Write the condensed electron configurations for the following
atoms and indicate how many unpaired electrons each
has: (f) Lu.

Molecular Orbital Theory VI: Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism

Write orbital diagrams for each of these ions.Determine if the ion is diamagnetic or paramagnetic. 
a. V5+ 
b. Cr3+ 
c. Ni2+ 
d. Fe3+

Write orbital diagrams for each ion and determine if the ion is
diamagnetic or paramagnetic.
a. Cd2+ 
b. Au+ 
c. Mo3+ 
d. Zr2+

Cyclooctatetraene dianion, C8H8 
2-, is an organic ion with the 
structure shown. Considering only the p bonds and not the 
s bonds, cyclooctatetraene dianion can be described by 
the following energy diagrams of its p molecular orbitals: 
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/6e7748eaba3fdbb3-1670532423084.jpg" alt="" /> 
(d) Based on your MO energy diagram, is the dianion paramagnetic 
or diamagnetic?

Consider the elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P. 
d. Which element is diamagnetic?

Write the condensed electron configuration for the nickel (III) ion and state if it is paramagnetic or diamagnetic.

In the experiment shown schematically below, a beam of
neutral atoms is passed through a magnetic field. Atoms that
have unpaired electrons are deflected in different directions
in the magnetic field depending on the value of the electron
spin quantum number. In the experiment illustrated,
we envision that a beam of hydrogen atoms splits into two
beams. (a) What is the significance of the observation that
the single beam splits into two beams?
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/8ea37e254b68e1fb-1660836796298.jpg" alt="" />

A paramagnetic element has at least one unpaired electron and a diamagnetic element has no unpaired electrons.&nbsp;

DIAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES

Using the periodic table as a guide, write the condensed electron 
configuration and determine the number of unpaired 
electrons for the ground state of (d) As.

Diamagnetic || Paramagnetic || Ferromagnetic material || What is magnetic material?

Paramagnetic & Diamagnetic Elements - Paired & Unpaired Electrons

Identify the specific element that corresponds to each of the 
following electron configurations and indicate the number 
of unpaired electrons for each: (d) 3Kr45s24d105p4.

How many unpaired electrons are present in each of the following ground-state atoms?
(a) O 
(b) Si 
(c) K 
(d) As

An experiment called the Stern–Gerlach experiment helped 
establish the existence of electron spin. In this experiment, 
a beam of silver atoms is passed through a magnetic field, 
which deflects half of the silver atoms in one direction and 
half in the opposite direction. The separation between the 
two beams increases as the strength of the magnetic field 
increases. (c) Would this experiment work for a 
beam of fluorine (F) atoms?

Consider the elements: B, C, N, O, F. 
d. Which element has three unpaired electrons?

Both vanadium and its 3+ ion are paramagnetic. Refer to their 
electron configurations to explain this statement.

Which of the following atoms has the most unpaired electrons?&nbsp;

Identify the specific element that corresponds to each of the
following electron configurations and indicate the number
of unpaired electrons for each: (a) 1s22s2

(a) What does the term paramagnetism mean? (b) How can one 
determine experimentally whether a substance is paramagnetic? 
(c) Which of the following ions would you expect to be 
paramagnetic: O2+ , N22 -, Li2+ , O22 - ? For those ions that are 
paramagnetic, determine the number of unpaired electrons.

Carbon monoxide is produced by incomplete combustion of
fossil fuels.
(b) Do you expect CO to be paramagnetic or diamagnetic?

Write the condensed electron configurations for the following 
atoms and indicate how many unpaired electrons each 
has: (a) Mg.

Identify the specific element that corresponds to each of the 
following electron configurations and indicate the number 
of unpaired electrons for each: (c) 3Ar44s13d5

In the experiment shown schematically below, a beam of 
neutral atoms is passed through a magnetic field. Atoms that 
have unpaired electrons are deflected in different directions 
in the magnetic field depending on the value of the electron 
spin quantum number. In the experiment illustrated, 
we envision that a beam of hydrogen atoms splits into two 
beams. (c) What do you think would happen if the beam of hydrogen 
atoms were replaced with a beam of helium atoms? Why? 
<img src="https://lightcat-files.s3.amazonaws.com/problem_images/18d4a636824837f6-1660906759750.jpg" alt="" />

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Clutch Prep

1. Intro to General Chemistry

2. Atoms & Elements

3. Chemical Reactions

4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions

6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions

7. Gases

8. Thermochemistry

9. Quantum Mechanics

11. Bonding & Molecular Structure

12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory

13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces

14. Solutions

15. Chemical Kinetics

16. Chemical Equilibrium

17. Acid and Base Equilibrium

18. Aqueous Equilibrium

19. Chemical Thermodynamics

20. Electrochemistry

21. Nuclear Chemistry

22. Organic Chemistry

23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals

24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds

[BOOK CHEM] Clutch Version

Periodic Trend: Cumulative

Periodic Trends are patterns present in the periodic table based on an element's size and electron distribution.&nbsp;

Periodic Trend: Ionic Radius

Ionic Radius is the distance between an ion's nucleus and its most outer occupied electron shell.&nbsp;

The Electron Configuration

The electron configuration of an element is the distribution of its electrons within atomic orbitals.&nbsp;

The Electron Configuration: Ions

The Electron Configuration of Ions involves either adding or removing electrons from a given orbital of an element.

Periodic Trend: Successive Ionization Energies

Successive Ionization Energies deals with the removal of multiple electrons from a gaseous atom or ion through multiple steps.

Periodic Trend: Atomic Radius

The atomic radius of an element is the distance from its nucleus to its outer electron shell.

Valence Electrons of Elements

The Valence Electrons represent the outer shell electrons of an element or ion.&nbsp;

Periodic Trend: Effective Nuclear Charge

Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff) measures the force exerted onto an electron by the nucleus.&nbsp;

Periodic Trend: Ionization Energy

Ionization Energy is the energy absorbed&nbsp;in order to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.&nbsp;

Periodic Trend: Metallic Character

Metallic Character&nbsp;deals with how easily an electron can be removed from an element.&nbsp;

Paramagnetism&nbsp;and&nbsp;Diamagnetism deal with the presence of electrons that are either unpaired or paired in an orbital.

Periodic Trend: Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity is the energy released from the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom or ion.&nbsp;

The Electron Configuration: Quantum Numbers

The Quantum Numbers ultimately can be used to determine the precise location of an electron.&nbsp;

Periodic Trend: Electronegativity

Electronegativity is an element's ability to attract electrons.

The Electron Configurations: Exceptions

Most Electron Configuration Exceptions are the result of elements drive to obtain half filled or totally filled d orbitals.&nbsp;

The Electron Configuration: Condensed

Condensed Electron Configurations are a faster method in determining the configuration of elements and ions.&nbsp;