Which of the following represents a cis isomer?

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the concept of cis and trans isomers. Cis isomers have substituents on the same side of the molecule, while trans isomers have substituents on opposite sides.
2. Step 2: Analyze the chair conformations in the image. Look at the positions of the methyl groups (CH₃) on the cyclohexane ring in each structure.
3. Step 3: For each structure (A, B, C, D), determine whether the methyl groups are both on the same side (cis) or on opposite sides (trans). This can be identified by checking if both substituents are either axial or equatorial.
4. Step 4: In structure A, the methyl groups are on the same side of the ring (both equatorial or both axial), indicating a cis isomer. In structure B, the methyl groups are on opposite sides (one axial and one equatorial), indicating a trans isomer.
5. Step 5: Similarly, analyze structures C and D. Structure C has methyl groups on opposite sides (trans), while structure D has methyl groups on the same side (cis).

Key Concepts

Cis-Trans Isomerism

Cis-trans isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism where molecules with the same molecular formula have different spatial arrangements of atoms. In cis isomers, similar or identical groups are on the same side of a double bond or a ring structure, while in trans isomers, they are on opposite sides. This difference in arrangement can significantly affect the physical and chemical properties of the compounds.

Double Bonds and Restricted Rotation

Double bonds consist of one sigma bond and one pi bond, which restricts the rotation of the bonded atoms. This restriction is crucial for the existence of cis and trans isomers, as it allows for distinct spatial arrangements. In contrast, single bonds allow free rotation, leading to the same molecular structure regardless of the orientation of substituents.

Identifying Isomers

To identify cis and trans isomers, one must analyze the substituents attached to the double bond or ring structure. By examining the positions of these groups, one can determine whether they are on the same side (cis) or opposite sides (trans). Drawing the molecule or using molecular models can aid in visualizing these arrangements and confirming the isomer type.