Propose a mechanism to show how acetophenone undergoes base-promoted chlorination to give trichloroacetophenone.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Identify the starting material (acetophenone) and the product (trichloroacetophenone). Acetophenone has a methyl group adjacent to the carbonyl group, which is susceptible to halogenation under basic conditions.
2. Step 2: Under basic conditions, the hydroxide ion (OH⁻) abstracts a proton from the methyl group of acetophenone, forming an enolate ion. The enolate ion is stabilized by resonance, with the negative charge delocalized onto the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group.
3. Step 3: The enolate ion reacts with chlorine (Cl₂), leading to the substitution of one hydrogen atom on the methyl group with a chlorine atom. This process repeats as the base continues to abstract protons from the methyl group, forming new enolate intermediates.
4. Step 4: Each subsequent enolate intermediate reacts with chlorine, replacing additional hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms. This stepwise halogenation continues until all three hydrogens on the methyl group are replaced by chlorine atoms, forming the trichloromethyl group.
5. Step 5: The final product, trichloroacetophenone, is formed after the methyl group is fully chlorinated. The reaction stops at this stage because the trichloromethyl group is no longer acidic enough to form an enolate under the reaction conditions.

Key Concepts

Acetophenone Structure and Reactivity

Acetophenone is an aromatic ketone with a phenyl group attached to a carbonyl (C=O) functional group. The presence of the carbonyl makes the molecule susceptible to nucleophilic attack, particularly at the alpha position. Understanding the structure helps in predicting how it will react under various conditions, including chlorination.

Base-Promoted Chlorination Mechanism

Base-promoted chlorination involves the deprotonation of the alpha hydrogen of acetophenone by a base, forming an enolate ion. This enolate ion acts as a nucleophile, attacking chlorine molecules (Cl2) to form chlorinated products. The mechanism typically proceeds through a series of steps, including the formation of the enolate, electrophilic attack, and subsequent protonation.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) is a fundamental reaction in organic chemistry where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring. In the case of acetophenone, the chlorination occurs at the aromatic ring, facilitated by the electron-withdrawing nature of the carbonyl group, which enhances the reactivity of the ring towards electrophiles like chlorine.