Using any necessary reagents, show how you would accomplish the following syntheses.
(d)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Analyze the transformation. The starting material is a cyclic ketone (cyclooctanone), and the product is a cyclic amine (cyclooctylamine). This indicates that the ketone functional group needs to be converted into an amine group.
2. Step 2: Use reductive amination as the key reaction. Reductive amination involves the reaction of a ketone with ammonia (NH₃) or a primary amine in the presence of a reducing agent to form an amine.
3. Step 3: Add ammonia (NH₃) to the ketone. This will form an imine intermediate through a condensation reaction where water is eliminated. The imine has the general structure R₂C=NH.
4. Step 4: Reduce the imine intermediate to the amine. Use a reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH₃CN) or hydrogen gas (H₂) with a metal catalyst (e.g., Pd/C) to selectively reduce the imine to the amine without affecting other parts of the molecule.
5. Step 5: Confirm the product structure. The final product should be cyclooctylamine, where the ketone group has been successfully replaced with an amine group.

Key Concepts

Organic Synthesis

Organic synthesis is the process of constructing organic compounds through chemical reactions. It involves the strategic selection of reagents and conditions to achieve desired transformations. Understanding the principles of synthesis is crucial for designing pathways that lead to specific products, often requiring knowledge of functional groups and reaction mechanisms.

Reagents and Reaction Conditions

Reagents are substances used to bring about a chemical reaction, while reaction conditions refer to the specific environment in which the reaction occurs, including temperature, pressure, and solvent. Selecting appropriate reagents and optimizing conditions is essential for successful synthesis, as they can significantly influence the yield and purity of the desired product.

Mechanisms of Organic Reactions

The mechanism of an organic reaction describes the step-by-step sequence of events that occur during the transformation of reactants into products. Understanding mechanisms helps predict the outcomes of reactions, including the formation of intermediates and the stereochemistry of products. This knowledge is vital for planning synthetic routes and troubleshooting unexpected results.