Because bromocyclohexane is a secondary alkyl halide, both cyclohexanol and cyclohexene are formed when the alkyl halide reacts with hydroxide ion. Suggest a method to synthesize cyclohexanol from bromocyclohexane that forms little or no cyclohexene.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the reaction mechanism: Bromocyclohexane is a secondary alkyl halide, and hydroxide ion (OH⁻) can act as both a nucleophile and a base. To favor the formation of cyclohexanol (via substitution) over cyclohexene (via elimination), we need to suppress the elimination reaction (E2) and promote the nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2 or SN1).
2. Choose reaction conditions: To minimize elimination (E2), use a polar protic solvent (e.g., water or alcohol) that stabilizes the transition state for substitution reactions. Avoid strong heating, as higher temperatures favor elimination reactions.
3. Select the appropriate nucleophile: Use a dilute solution of hydroxide ion (OH⁻) to ensure that the reaction proceeds primarily via substitution. A high concentration of hydroxide ion can increase the likelihood of elimination.
4. Explain the substitution mechanism: In the SN2 mechanism, the hydroxide ion attacks the carbon atom bonded to the bromine atom from the opposite side, displacing the bromine atom as a leaving group. This results in the formation of cyclohexanol. If the reaction proceeds via SN1, the bromine atom leaves first, forming a carbocation intermediate, which is then attacked by the hydroxide ion to form cyclohexanol.
5. Control reaction conditions to suppress elimination: Keep the reaction temperature low and avoid using strong bases or bulky bases, as these favor elimination. Additionally, ensure that the reaction mixture is not too concentrated, as this can also promote elimination.

Key Concepts

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl halides are organic compounds containing a carbon atom bonded to a halogen atom (like bromine). In this case, bromocyclohexane is a secondary alkyl halide, meaning the carbon attached to the bromine is connected to two other carbon atoms. Understanding the structure and reactivity of alkyl halides is crucial for predicting their behavior in nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Nucleophilic substitution reactions involve the replacement of a leaving group (like bromine in bromocyclohexane) by a nucleophile (such as hydroxide ion). The mechanism can proceed via either an SN1 or SN2 pathway, depending on the structure of the alkyl halide and the conditions. For synthesizing cyclohexanol, an SN2 mechanism is preferred to minimize the formation of cyclohexene, which occurs through elimination reactions.

Elimination vs. Substitution

In organic chemistry, elimination reactions involve the removal of a small molecule (like HBr) from a larger molecule, often leading to the formation of alkenes, such as cyclohexene. In contrast, substitution reactions replace one functional group with another. To synthesize cyclohexanol with minimal cyclohexene formation, conditions should favor substitution over elimination, such as using a lower temperature and a strong nucleophile like hydroxide ion.