Convert the following perspective formulas to Fischer projections.
(c)
(d)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the perspective formula. The perspective formula uses wedge and dash bonds to represent the 3D spatial arrangement of atoms around a chiral center. Wedge bonds indicate atoms coming out of the plane towards the viewer, while dash bonds indicate atoms going behind the plane.
2. Step 2: Identify the chiral centers in the molecule. For both structures, locate the carbon atoms that are bonded to four different groups. These are the chiral centers.
3. Step 3: Assign the groups around each chiral center to their respective positions in a Fischer projection. In a Fischer projection, the horizontal bonds represent groups coming out of the plane (towards the viewer), and the vertical bonds represent groups going behind the plane.
4. Step 4: Rotate the molecule mentally or on paper to align the groups correctly for the Fischer projection. Ensure that the groups on the horizontal axis are the ones coming out of the plane, and the groups on the vertical axis are the ones going behind the plane.
5. Step 5: Draw the Fischer projection. Place the chiral centers vertically, with the substituents arranged according to the spatial orientation determined in the previous step. Ensure that the stereochemistry (R or S configuration) is preserved during the conversion.

Key Concepts

Fischer Projections

Fischer projections are a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional organic molecules, particularly useful for depicting stereochemistry. In these projections, vertical lines represent bonds that extend away from the viewer, while horizontal lines represent bonds that come towards the viewer. This format is especially helpful for visualizing chiral centers and understanding the spatial arrangement of substituents around them.

Chirality

Chirality refers to the property of a molecule that makes it non-superimposable on its mirror image, much like left and right hands. A chiral molecule typically has at least one carbon atom bonded to four different substituents, creating two distinct stereoisomers. Understanding chirality is crucial for predicting the behavior of molecules in biological systems, as different enantiomers can have vastly different effects.

Substituent Prioritization

In converting perspective formulas to Fischer projections, it is essential to prioritize substituents based on the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) rules. These rules dictate that substituents are ranked according to atomic number, with higher atomic numbers receiving higher priority. This prioritization is vital for accurately determining the configuration (R or S) of chiral centers and ensuring correct representation in Fischer projections.