Convert the following Fischer projections to perspective formulas
(c)
(d)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Understand the Fischer projection. A Fischer projection is a 2D representation of a molecule where horizontal lines represent bonds projecting out of the plane (towards the viewer) and vertical lines represent bonds projecting into the plane (away from the viewer).
2. Step 2: Identify the substituents on the central carbon atom in the Fischer projection. For image (c), the substituents are CH₂OH (top), CH₃ (bottom), Br (left), and Cl (right). For image (d), the substituents are CH₂OH (top), CH₃ (bottom), H (left and right), Br (middle left), and Cl (middle right).
3. Step 3: Convert the Fischer projection to a perspective formula. In a perspective formula, the central carbon atom is represented in 3D, with wedge bonds (solid triangle) indicating substituents coming out of the plane towards the viewer and dashed bonds (dashed triangle) indicating substituents going into the plane away from the viewer.
4. Step 4: Assign the correct spatial arrangement of substituents. For image (c), place CH₂OH and CH₃ on the vertical axis (into and out of the plane), and Br and Cl on the horizontal axis (towards and away from the viewer). For image (d), place CH₂OH and CH₃ on the vertical axis, and H, Br, and Cl on the horizontal axis with appropriate stereochemistry.
5. Step 5: Draw the perspective formula. Use wedge and dashed bonds to represent the spatial arrangement of substituents based on the Fischer projection. Ensure that the stereochemistry is preserved during the conversion process.

Key Concepts

Fischer Projections

Fischer projections are a two-dimensional representation of organic molecules, particularly carbohydrates, that depict the stereochemistry of chiral centers. In these projections, vertical lines represent bonds that extend away from the viewer, while horizontal lines represent bonds that come towards the viewer. Understanding Fischer projections is essential for converting them into three-dimensional perspective formulas.

Perspective Formulas

Perspective formulas illustrate the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, showing how the atoms are oriented in space. These formulas use wedge and dash notation, where solid wedges indicate bonds that project out of the plane towards the viewer, and dashed lines indicate bonds that extend behind the plane. Converting Fischer projections to perspective formulas requires a clear understanding of these spatial representations.

Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry is the study of the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules and how this arrangement affects their chemical properties and reactions. It is crucial for understanding isomerism, particularly in chiral molecules, where different spatial configurations can lead to different biological activities. Recognizing the stereochemical implications of a molecule is vital when converting between different representations like Fischer projections and perspective formulas.