For each set of examples, make a model of the first structure, and indicate the relationship of each of the other structures to the first structure. Examples of relationships: same compound, enantiomer, structural isomer.
(c)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Begin by analyzing the first structure, which is labeled as (R)-butan-2-ol. This structure has a chiral center at the second carbon atom, with the following substituents: a hydroxyl group (-OH), a methyl group (-CH3), an ethyl group (-CH2CH3), and a hydrogen atom (H). The (R) configuration indicates the absolute stereochemistry based on the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules.
2. Step 2: Compare the second structure to the first structure. Notice that the positions of the substituents around the chiral center are inverted. This inversion of substituents indicates that the second structure is the enantiomer of the first structure, specifically the (S)-butan-2-ol.
3. Step 3: Compare the third structure to the first structure. Observe that the hydroxyl group (-OH) and the hydrogen atom (H) have swapped positions, but the methyl group (-CH3) and ethyl group (-CH2CH3) remain in the same positions. This inversion of two substituents around the chiral center also results in the enantiomer of the first structure, which is again (S)-butan-2-ol.
4. Step 4: Compare the fourth structure to the first structure. Notice that the arrangement of substituents around the chiral center is identical to the first structure. This indicates that the fourth structure is the same compound as the first structure, (R)-butan-2-ol.
5. Step 5: Summarize the relationships: The second and third structures are enantiomers of the first structure, while the fourth structure is the same compound as the first structure.

Key Concepts

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism refers to the phenomenon where compounds have the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms. This includes enantiomers, which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, and diastereomers, which are not mirror images. Understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for analyzing the relationships between different structures, such as those shown in the provided image.

Structural Isomers

Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity of their atoms. This can lead to different functional groups or arrangements, resulting in distinct chemical properties. In the context of the question, recognizing structural isomers is essential for identifying how the given structures relate to (R)-butan-2-ol, as they may share the same formula but differ in structure.

Chirality

Chirality is a property of a molecule that makes it non-superimposable on its mirror image, much like left and right hands. A chiral center, often a carbon atom bonded to four different groups, is responsible for this property. In the case of (R)-butan-2-ol, its chirality leads to the existence of enantiomers, which are critical for understanding the relationships depicted in the image, as they can exhibit different optical activities.