Draw the structure for each of the following:
b. p-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Start with the benzene ring as the base structure. Benzene is a six-membered aromatic ring with alternating double bonds.
2. Step 2: Identify the substituents. The problem specifies 'p-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid,' which means there are two substituents: a nitro group (-NO₂) and a sulfonic acid group (-SO₃H).
3. Step 3: Place the substituents in the para (p-) position. In the para configuration, the substituents are located opposite each other on the benzene ring (i.e., at positions 1 and 4).
4. Step 4: Attach the nitro group (-NO₂) to one carbon of the benzene ring. This group consists of a nitrogen atom double-bonded to one oxygen atom and single-bonded to another oxygen atom (which carries a negative charge, balanced by a positive charge on the nitrogen).
5. Step 5: Attach the sulfonic acid group (-SO₃H) to the carbon directly opposite the nitro group. This group consists of a sulfur atom double-bonded to two oxygen atoms and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). Ensure the structure reflects the para arrangement of the substituents.

Key Concepts

Aromatic Compounds

Aromatic compounds are a class of cyclic compounds that follow Huckel's rule, possessing a planar structure and delocalized pi electrons. They exhibit unique stability due to resonance, which is crucial for understanding the reactivity and properties of compounds like p-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid. Recognizing the aromatic nature of the benzene ring is essential for drawing its structure accurately.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. In p-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, the sulfonic acid (-SO3H) and nitro (-NO2) groups are key functional groups that influence the compound's acidity and reactivity. Understanding these groups is vital for constructing the correct molecular structure.

Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Nomenclature refers to the systematic naming of organic compounds based on their structure and functional groups. The name p-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid indicates the presence of a nitro group at the para position relative to the sulfonic acid group on a benzene ring. Familiarity with IUPAC naming conventions helps in accurately interpreting and drawing the structures of organic molecules.