What are the products of the following reactions?
b.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Step 1: Recognize the reaction type. This is a Suzuki coupling reaction, which is a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between an aryl or vinyl halide and an organoboron compound.
2. Step 2: Identify the reactants. The first reactant is a brominated aromatic ketone (4-bromoacetophenone), and the second reactant is a cyclohexylboronic ester.
3. Step 3: Understand the role of the catalyst and base. Pd(PPh₃)₄ is the palladium catalyst, which facilitates the coupling reaction, and Na₂CO₃ acts as a base to activate the boronic ester.
4. Step 4: Predict the bond formation. The Suzuki reaction forms a new carbon-carbon bond between the carbon attached to the bromine atom in the aryl halide and the carbon attached to the boron atom in the boronic ester.
5. Step 5: Write the product structure. The product will be a substituted aromatic ketone where the bromine atom is replaced by the cyclohexyl group, resulting in 4-cyclohexylacetophenone.

Key Concepts

Suzuki Coupling Reaction

The Suzuki coupling reaction is a widely used method in organic chemistry for forming carbon-carbon bonds. It involves the reaction of an organoboron compound with an organic halide in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base. This reaction is particularly valuable for synthesizing biaryl compounds and other complex organic molecules, making it essential for various applications in pharmaceuticals and materials science.

Palladium Catalysis

Palladium catalysis is a key component in many cross-coupling reactions, including the Suzuki reaction. Palladium serves as a catalyst that facilitates the transfer of the organic group from the organoboron compound to the organic halide. The use of palladium allows for milder reaction conditions and higher selectivity, which is crucial for synthesizing complex organic structures efficiently.

Base in Organic Reactions

In organic reactions, a base is often required to deprotonate the organoboron compound, generating a more reactive species that can participate in the coupling process. In the Suzuki reaction, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is commonly used as a base to facilitate the reaction. The choice of base can significantly influence the reaction's efficiency and the yield of the desired product.